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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 17 Workbook Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Workbook Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Nonspecific nuclei

A

Regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention.

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2
Q

What is the function of the Subthalamus

A

Part of the basal ganglia circuit involved in regulating movement.

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3
Q

What is the function of the Association nuclei

A

Process emotional and some memory information, and integrate different types of sensation

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4
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamus

A

Integrates behaviors with visceral functions.

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5
Q

What is the function of the Relay nuclei

A

Convey information from the sensory systems (except olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex.

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6
Q

What is the function of the Pineal gland

A

Regulates circadian rhythms and influences the secretions of the pituitary gland, adrenals, and parathyroid glands, and islets of Langerhans.

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7
Q

What are the axonal projections of the Anterior Limb of the internal capsule?

A

Corticopontine and thalamolimbic

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8
Q

What are the axonal projections of the Genu of the internal capsule?

A

Corticobrainstem and corticoreticular

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9
Q

What are the axonal projections of the Posterior Limb of the internal capsule?

A

Thalamocortical and corticospinal

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10
Q

Which of the following are projection fibers?

A. Corticospinal

B. Corticobrainstem

C. Thalamocortical

D. A and B

E. A, B, and C

A

E: Projection fibers extend from subcortical structures to the cerebral cortex and from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, brainstem, basal ganglia, and thalamus.

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11
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex:

A. Receives information directly from the basal ganglia.

B. Processes unconscious somatosensory information.

C. Receives information via the dorsal column/medial lemniscus, and trigeminothalamocortical systems.

D. Processes auditory and vestibular information

E. Performs none of the above.

A

C: The primary somatosensory cortex processes conscious somatosensory information. This area of the cortex receives information from tactile and proprioceptive receptors via a pathway consisting of a peripheral afferent/dorsal column neuron, medial lemniscus, and thalamocortical neuron. Processing of auditory and vestibular information occurs in the primary auditory and primary vestibular cortices.

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12
Q

Recognition of an unseen object by touch and manipulation occurs in which of the following?

A. Cerebellum

B. Basal ganglia

C. Secondary visual cortex

D. Secondary sensory area

E. Dorsolateral prefrontal association

A

D: The secondary sensory areas of the brain integrate tactile and proprioceptive information received from the thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex to provide stereognosis.

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13
Q

Categorizing sounds as language, music, or noise occurs in which of the following?

A. Superior colliculus

B. Secondary auditory cortex

C. Visual association cortex

D. Primary auditory cortex

E. Cochlear nuclei

A

B: The secondary auditory cortex receives sound information from the primary auditory cortex and compares it with memories of other sounds. This comparison allows the sound to be classified and recognized as language, music, or noise.

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14
Q

Initiation of movement, orientation, and planning of bimanual or sequential movements are influenced by which of the following?

A. Supplementary motor area

B. Premotor area

C. Broca’s area

D. Area analogous to Broca’s area in the nondominant hemisphere

E. Primary motor cortex

A

A: The supplementary motor cortex is important for initiating movement, orienting the eyes and head, and planning bimanual and sequential movements. The premotor cortex controls the trunk and girdle muscles, whereas Broca’s area and its contralateral analog are responsible for the motor planning of speech and nonverbal communication.

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15
Q

Trunk and girdle muscles are controlled by descending signals from neurons in which of the following?

A. Supplementary motor area

B. Premotor area

C. Broca’s area

D. Area analogous to Broca’s area in the nondominant hemisphere

E. Primary motor cortex

A

B: Descending signals from the premotor cortex provide motor control of the trunk and girdle musculature.

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16
Q

The functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex include which of the following?

A. Deciding on a goal

B. Planning how to accomplish the goal

C. Solving a problem

D. A and B

E. All of the above

A

E: The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in self-awareness and goal-oriented functions. These executive functions include goal setting, planning, and problem solving to enable goals to be accomplished.

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17
Q

The parietotemporal association area is important for which of the following?

A. Solving a problem

B. Comprehending communication

C. Understanding spatial relationships

D. A and B

E. A, B, and C

A

E: The parietotemporal association area in the posterior parietal and temporal cortices performs problem-solving techniques and comprehends communication and spatial relationships.

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18
Q

The areas associated with impulse control, personality, and reactions to surroundings are located in which of the following

A. Precentral and postcentral gyri

B. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

C. Parietotemporal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices

D. Ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortices

E. Parietotemporal and cingulate cortices

A

D: The ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association areas are involved in impulse control, personality, and reactions to surroundings. In addition, the ventral prefrontal area helps regulate mood and affect.

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19
Q

Which of the following structures are involved in the recognition, generation, and perception of emotion?

A. Amygdala and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

B. Epithalamus and subthalamus

C. Anterior insula and ventral striatum

D. A and C

E. All of the above

A

D: Five structures recognize emotional stimuli and generate and perceive emotion: (1) amygdala, (2) area 25, (3) mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, (4) ventral striatum, and (5) anterior insula.

20
Q

According to the somatic marker hypothesis:

A. Specific areas of the body are mapped on the motor cortex

B. Memory is processed by both limbic and nonlimbic structures

C. The amygdala interprets facial expressions and social signals

D. Emotions are critical for sound judgment and decision making

E. Pressure points on the body correspond to visceral organs.

A

D: The process of decision making includes imagining consequences and attending to the resulting emotional signals from the visceral, muscular, and hormonal systems. The somatic marker hypothesis states that such emotions are critical to decision making and judgement.

21
Q

What is(are) the effect(s) of persistently high levels of cortisol (i.e., a prolonged stress response)?

A. Suppression of immune function

B. Increased incidence of colitis, cardiovascular disorders, and adult-onset diabetes

C. Cognitive and emotional disturbances

D. Both A and B

E. All of the above

A

E: Excessive amounts of cortisol and prolonged stress responses are associated with colitis, cardiovascular disorders, type 2 diabetes, cognitive and emotional disturbances, and immune system suppression.

22
Q

Procedural

Be able to match the definition to this type of memory

A

Recall necessary to accomplish a task

23
Q

Cognitive

Be able to match the definition to this type of memory

A

Recollections that can be easily verbalized: facts, events, concepts, and locations

24
Q

Declarative

Be able to match the definition to this type of memory

A

Recollections that can be easily verbalized: facts, events, concepts, and locations

25
Q

Skill

Be able to match the definition to this type of memory

A

Recall necessary to accomplish a task

26
Q

Emotional

Be able to match the definition to this type of memory

A

Awareness of feelings associated with memory

27
Q

Explicit

Be able to match the definition to this type of memory

A

Recollections that can be easily verbalized: facts, events, concepts, and locations

28
Q

Habit

Be able to match the definition to this type of memory

A

Recall necessary to accomplish a task

29
Q

What structure is required for the processing of declarative memory?

A

The hippocampus processes declarative memory.

30
Q

What structures are required for establishing motor memory?

A

The frontal cortex, thalamus, and striatum are required to establish motor memory.

31
Q

What is the area of the brain that specializes in comprehension of spoken language?

A

Wernicke’s area specializes in comprehending spoken language.

32
Q

Where is the ventral striatum located?

A

The ventral striatum is located at the junction of the ventral caudate and putamen.

33
Q

What is the name of the pathway from vestibular nuclei to primary vestibular cortex?

A

The name of the pathway is vestibulothalamocortical.

34
Q

What area of the brain provides instructions for producing emotional gestures and the intonation of speech?

A

The area corresponding to Broca’s area provides instructions for producing emotional gestures and the intonation of speech.

35
Q

What part of the brain provides schemas of the body in relation to its surroundings and the external world?

A

Body schema is represented by neuronal connections in the area corresponding to Wernicke’s in the nondominant hemisphere.

36
Q

Which subcortical limbic system structure plays a vital role in interpreting facial expression and social signals to monitor social behavior?

A

The amygdala is critical for interpretation of facial expressions and social signals.

37
Q

Serotonin What effects does this neuromodulator elicit?

A

General level of arousal

38
Q

Norepinephrine What effects does this neuromodulator elicit?

A

Conscious attention and vigilance

39
Q

Acetylcholine What effects does this neuromodulator elicit?

A

Voluntary attention toward environment, based on a desired goal

40
Q

Dopamine What effects does this neuromodulator elicit?

A

Initiation of motor or cognitive actions

41
Q

Label the structures indicated

A
42
Q

Label the thalamic nuclei indicated

A

Wont let me add the labeled picture!!!

43
Q

Label the sensory associated areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Wouldnt let me add both of the pictures!!

44
Q

Label the motor areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Wouldnt let me add both of the pictures!!

45
Q

Label the areas of the association cortex

A

Woudln’t let me add both of the pictures!!

Neuroanatomy (20 decks)

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