Chapter 9: Thinking & Language

Question 1

What’s better at forming prototypes?

Answer 1

left hemisphere and occipital lobe

Question 2

what’s better at recognizing exemplars

Answer 2

right hemisphere, frontal lobe/prefrontal cortex, and basal ganglia

Question 3

category specific deficit

Answer 3

inability to categorize objects

Question 4

algorithm

Answer 4

logical procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem

Question 5

heuristic

Answer 5

simpler strategy speedier than algorithm but more error prone

Question 6

insight

Answer 6

sudden flash of inspiration that solves problem

Question 7

what makes up intuition

Answer 7

heuristic and insight

Question 8

prospective theory (economic theory)

Answer 8

taking risks or being safe depending on losing or gaining money

Question 9

representativeness heuristic

Answer 9

likelihood of events determined by how well they seem to match prototypes, may lead to ignorance of other information

Question 10

availability heuristic

Answer 10

estimating likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Question 11

confirmation bias

Answer 11

predisposes us to verify rather than challenge our hypothesis

Question 12

fixation

Answer 12

may prevent us from taking fresh perspective that would lead to a solution

Question 13

mental set

Answer 13

tendency to approach problem with previously successful mindset (example of fixation)

Question 14

framing

Answer 14

sways decisions by influencing way an issue is posed

Question 15

AHA moment

Answer 15

burst of right temporal lobe EEG activity

Question 16

syllogistic reasoning

Answer 16

assessing the validity of a conclusion given that the first two statements are true

Question 17

3 options in means end analysis

Answer 17

1. direct means
2. subgoals
3. analogical solution: using previous approach to similar problem (ex. I want to succeed in KIN 150 so I’ll use my same studying methods from PSYC 101)

Question 18

3 building blocks of language

Answer 18

phoneme, morpheme, grammar

Question 19

semantics

Answer 19

deriving meaning from sounds

Question 20

syntax

Answer 20

ordering words into sentences

Question 21

month 4

Answer 21

babble many speech soundsm

Question 22

month 10

Answer 22

babbleling resembles household language (ex. mama)

Question 23

month 12

Answer 23

one word speech

Question 24

month 24

Answer 24

two word speech

Question 25

month 24+

Answer 25

rapid development into complete sentences

Question 26

when do infants start to understand what is said to them?

Answer 26

4 months

Question 27

when do infacts start getting ability to produce words?

Answer 27

10 months

Question 28

broca's area

Answer 28

control language expression, frontal lobe, usually in left hemisphere, directs muscle movements

Question 29

wernicke's area

Answer 29

controls language reception, left temporal lobe, language comprehension and expression

Question 30

whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis

Answer 30

language determines basic ideas and thought