Chapter 6: Memory

Question 1

Stages of memory processing

Answer 1

-encoding
-storage
-retrieval: memory back into consciousness

Question 2

iconic memory

Answer 2

picture image memory

Question 3

echoic memory

Answer 3

sound memory

Question 4

George Miller

Answer 4

magic number 7

Question 5

Baddeley and colleagues

Answer 5

most people can remember 7 digits or 6 letters or 5 words if no distractions

Question 6

massed practice

Answer 6

like cramming, speedy short term learning and feelings of confidence

Question 7

distributed practice

Answer 7

produces better long term recall -> spacing effect

Question 8

Structures for consolidation

Answer 8

hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, frontal lobe

Question 9

process of consolidation beginning with hippocampus

Answer 9

1. hippocampus
2. parahippocampal region
3. neocortical areas

Question 10

parahippocampal region

Answer 10

1. perirhinal cortex/lateral enterohinal cortex (what)
2. parahippocampal/medial entorhinal cortex (where)

Question 11

multiple trace theory

Answer 11

retrieval follows reverse process of consolidation and always involves the hippocampus

Question 12

systems consolidation theory

Answer 12

retrieval for older memories rely less on hippocampus

Question 13

long term potentiation

Answer 13

the more neurons communicate, stronger signal/transmission is between them

Question 14

cerebellum

Answer 14

forming and storing memories created by classical conditioning

Question 15

basal ganglia

Answer 15

help form memories for physical skills

Question 16

emotional integrative model

Answer 16

emotions impact encoding of strong emotion memories and influence later repetitions of events thus reinforcing memory

Question 17

7 sins of memory failure

Answer 17

1. transience
2. absentmindedness
3. blocking
4. misattribution
5. suggestibility
6. bias
7. persistence

Question 18

transience

Answer 18

storage issue, forgetting due to passing of time

Question 19

infantile amnesia

Answer 19

forgetting memories from early life (around first 3 years)

Question 20

absentmindedness

Answer 20

encoding issue, affecting attention whether completely or partially affects encoding

Question 21

prospective memory

Answer 21

remembering to do something in the future, sometimes relies on intention offloading

Question 22

intention offloading

Answer 22

a reminder to do something (ex. writing something in your calendar)

Question 23

blocking

Answer 23

failing to retrieve memory that is there even with effort, retrieval issue

Question 24

tip of the tongue phenomenon

Answer 24

information stores but just out of reach

Question 25

proactive interference

Answer 25

older memories make it difficult to remember new information (ex. remembering that SMARTER is 120 instead of just SMART) -encoding inference, manifests in retrieval failure

Question 26

retroactive interferance

Answer 26

new learning disrupts memory for older information (ex. cramming for an exam because you constantly override information with new information) -interferes with retrieval, manifests in retrieval failure

Question 27

misattribution

Answer 27

assigning idea to wrong source (ex. mandela effect or flashbulb memories) -retrieval/reconsolidation failure

Question 28

Suggestibility

Answer 28

tendency to incorporate misleading information from other sources into individual recollection -retrieval/reconsolidation failure

Question 29

misinformation effect

Answer 29

memory corrupted by misleading information (ex. why objection exists in court)

Question 30

imagination effect

Answer 30

repeatedly imagining fake actions and events to create false memories

Question 31

eyewitness memory

Answer 31

recollection of events personally witnessed, leading the witness relates to misinformation effect

Question 32

bias

Answer 32

present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings impact recall of previous experiences -reconsolidation/retrieval issue

Question 33

consistency bias

Answer 33

reconstructing past memories to align with current beliefs (ex. me and basketball)

Question 34

egocentric bias

Answer 34

tendency to exaggerate changes from past to present to make ourselves look good in retrospect

Question 35

persistence

Answer 35

events that we wish to forget intrude because of retrieval issues and enhanced encoding)f

Question 36

flashbulb memories are enhanced

Answer 36

amygdala activation

Question 37

retrograde amnesia

Answer 37

memory loss before point of injury

Question 38

anterograde amnesia

Answer 38

memory loss after point of injury

Question 39

what is intact for alzheimer's?

Answer 39

implicit memory

Question 40

what is the leading neurodegenerative disease?

Answer 40

alzheimer's

Question 41

what builds up over time with alzheimer's?

Answer 41

amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that lead to atrophy of hippocampus