Chapter 9- Thinking, And Intelligence

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people.

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

A mental image or best ex of a category.

Question 4

Algorithm

Answer 4

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

Question 5

Heuristic

Answer 5

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithm.

Question 6

Insight

Answer 6

A sudden realization of a problems solution; contracts with strategy based solutions.

Question 7

Confirmation bias

Answer 7

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

Question 8

Mental set

Answer 8

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 9

Intuition

Answer 9

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Question 10

Availability heuristic

Answer 10

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind ( perhaps bc of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

Question 11

Overconfidence

Answer 11

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Question 12

Belief perseverance

Answer 12

Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Question 13

Framing

Answer 13

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is frame can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Question 14

Creativity

Answer 14

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

Question 15

Convergent thinking

Answer 15

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

Question 16

Divergent thinking

Answer 16

Expands the number of possible solutions ( creative thinking that diverges in different directions).

Question 17

Language

Answer 17

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Question 18

Phoneme

Answer 18

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Question 19

Morpheme

Answer 19

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word ( such as a prefix).

Question 20

Grammar

Answer 20

In a language, system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. Syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.

Question 21

Babbling stage

Answer 21

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infants spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

Question 22

One-word stage

Answer 22

The stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.

Question 23

Telegraphic speech

Answer 23

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram–“go car” using mostly nouns and verbs.

Question 24

Two-word stage

Answer 24

Beginning about 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.

Question 25

Aphasia

Answer 25

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage.

Question 26

Broca’s area

Answer 26

Controls language expressions-an area of the frontal lobe ( left hemisphere) that directs muscle movements that involve speech.

Question 27

Wernickes area

Answer 27

Controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression ( left hemisphere)

Question 28

Linguistic determinism

Answer 28

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

Question 29

Intelligence

Answer 29

Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Question 30

General intelligence (g)

Answer 30

A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlines specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Question 31

Savant syndrome

Answer 31

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an ex exceptional specific skill, such as computation or drawing.

Question 32

Emotional intelligence

Answer 32

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions .

Question 33

Intelligence test

Answer 33

A method for assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

Question 34

Aptitude test

Answer 34

A test designed to predict a persons future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.

Question 35

Achievement test

Answer 35

A test designed to asses what a person has learned.

Question 36

Mental age

Answer 36

A measured of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.

Question 37

Stanford-Binet

Answer 37

The widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test. ( by Terman at Stanford)

Question 38

Intelligence Quotient ( IQ)

Answer 38

Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) X 100 ( IQ= ma/ca x 100) the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

Question 39

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Answer 39

The most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance ( nonverbal) subtests.

Question 40

Standardization

Answer 40

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a protested group.

Question 41

Normal curve

Answer 41

The bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.

Question 42

Reliability

Answer 42

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting.

Question 43

Validity

Answer 43

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Question 44

Content validity

Answer 44

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is to interest.

Question 45

Predictive validity

Answer 45

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.

Question 46

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 46

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

Question 47

Fluid intelligence

Answer 47

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

Question 48

Intellectual disability

Answer 48

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to demands of life.

Question 49

Down syndrome

Answer 49

A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Question 50

Heritability

Answer 50

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Question 51

Stereotype threat

Answer 51

A self- confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.