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Exploring Psychology (101) > Chapter 6- Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

SENSATION

A

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

PERCEPTION

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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3
Q

BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

A

Analysis that begins w/ the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory info

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4
Q

TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

A

Info processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

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5
Q

TRANSDUCTION

A

The process of converting one form of energy into another that the brain can use

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6
Q

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 % of the time

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7
Q

SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY

A

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a weak stimulus or signal, depends not only on the signals strength, but also on our psychological state– our experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.

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8
Q

SUBLIMINAL

A

Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

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9
Q

PRIMING

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, which predisposes ones perception, memory, and response .

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10
Q

DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD

A

Also known as (just noticeable difference JND) is the minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli half the time.

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11
Q

WEBER’S LAW

A

A principle that, to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage ( not constant amount).

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12
Q

SENSORY ADAPTATION

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of a constant stimulation.

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13
Q

PERCEPTUAL SET

A

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

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14
Q

WAVELENGTH

A

The distance from one wave peak to the next. Short wavelength = high frequency (bluish colors) and long wavelength = low frequency (reddish colors).

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15
Q

HUE

A

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as colors names blues, green, and so forth.

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16
Q

INTENSITY

A

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by waves amplitude.

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17
Q

RETINA

A

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptors rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

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18
Q

ACCOMMODATION

A

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

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19
Q

RODS

A

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond.

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20
Q

CONES

A

Retinal receptors that function in daylight or in well- lit conditions.

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21
Q

OPTIC NERVE

A

The nerve that carries the neural impulse from the eye to the brain.

22
Q

BLIND SPOT

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind- spot because no receptor cells are located there.

23
Q

FOVEA

A

The central focal point in the retina, around the eyes cones cluster.

24
Q

FEATURE DETECTORS

A

Nerve cells that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

25
Q

PARALLEL PROCESSING

A

Doing many things at once. The brain divides a visual scene into sub-dimensions – color, motion, form, depth, and works each aspect simultaneously.

26
Q

YOUNG-HELMHOLTZ TRICHROMATIC (3 colors) THEORY

A

A theory that implies that the receptors do their color magic in teams of 3. ( red, green, and blue)

27
Q

OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY

A

A theory of 3 sets of opponent retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white- black) enable color vision.

28
Q

GESTALT

A

A German word meaning “form” or “whole”, people’s tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes.

29
Q

FIGURE-GROUND

A

The organization of the visual field into objects ( the figures) that’s stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

30
Q

GROUPING

A

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.

31
Q

DEPTH PERCEPTION

A

The ability to see objects in 3 dimensions

32
Q

VISUAL CLIFF

A

A device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.

33
Q

BINOCULAR CUES

A

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

34
Q

RETINAL DISPARITY

A

The greater the difference between the two images, the closer the object.

35
Q

MONOCULAR CUES

A

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perceptive, available to either eye alone.

36
Q

PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY

A

Perceiving objects as unchanging, even as illumination and retina images change.

37
Q

COLOR CONSTANCY

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color.

38
Q

PERCEPTUAL ADAPTATION

A

In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.

39
Q

AUDITION

A

The sense of hearing

40
Q

FREQUENCY

A

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time.

41
Q

PITCH

A

A tones experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.

42
Q

MIDDLE EAR

A

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones ( hammer, anvil, and stirrup).

43
Q

COCHLEA

A

A coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear.

44
Q

COCHLEAR IMPLANT

A

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.

45
Q

PLACE THEORY

A

The theory that links the pitch we hear w/ the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated.

46
Q

FREQUENCY THEORY

A

The theory that the rate of nerve Impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch

47
Q

GATE-CONTROL THEORY

A

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “ gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass.

48
Q

KINESTHESIS

A

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.

49
Q

VESTIBULAR SENSE

A

The sense of your heads movements and position, including the sense of balance.

50
Q

SENSORY INTERACTION

A

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences it taste.

51
Q

EMBODIED COGNITION

A

The influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preference and judgments .

Exploring Psychology (101) (4 decks)

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