Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards
MEMORY
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info
RECALL
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
RECOGNITION
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on multiple-choice test.
RELEARNING
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
ENCODING
The process of info into the memory system-for ex, by extracting meaning.
STORAGE
The retention of encoding info over time.
RETRIVAL
The process of getting info out of memory storage
SENSORY MEMORY
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system.
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Activated memory that holds a few times briefly, such as seven digits of a phone # while dialing, before the info is stored or forgotten.
LONG-TERM MEMORY
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experience.
WORKING MEMORY
A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial info, and of info retrieved from long term memory.
EXPLICIT MEMORY
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. ( declarative memory)
EFFORTFUL PROCESSING
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
AUTOMATIC PROCESSING
Unconscious encoding of identical info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned info, such as word meanings.
IMPLICIT MEMORY
Retention independent of conscious recollection. ( non declarative memory)
ICONIC MEMORY
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenth of a second.
ECHOIC MEMORY
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled w/in 3 or 4 seconds.
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically.
MNEMONICS
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devises.
SPACING EFFECT
The tendency of distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
TESTING EFFECT
Enhance memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, info. Also sometimes referred to as a ( retrieval practice effect) or ( test enhance learning)
SHALLOW PROCESSING
Encoding on a basic level based on structure or appearance of words.
DEEP PROCESSING
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the word; tends to yield the best retention.
HIPPOCAMPUS
A neural center located in the limbus system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
FLASHBULB MEMORY
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
LONG TERM POTENTIATION ( LTP)
An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, tepid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
PRIMING
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
MOOD CONGRUENT MEMORY
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood.
SERIAL POSITION EFFECT
Out tendency to recall best the last ( a recency effect) and first items ( a primary effect) in a list.
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
An inability to form new memories.
RETROGRADE AMNESIA
An inability to retrieve info from ones past.
PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info
RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
REPRESSION
The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
MISINFORMATION EFFECT
Incorporating misleading info into ones memory of an event
SOURCE AMNESIA
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. Is the heart of many false memories. ( source misinformation)
DEJA VU
The eerie sense that “ I’ve experienced this before” cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
