Chapter 8 - Memory

Question 1

MEMORY

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info

Question 2

RECALL

Answer 2

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Question 3

RECOGNITION

Answer 3

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on multiple-choice test.

Question 4

RELEARNING

Answer 4

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Question 5

ENCODING

Answer 5

The process of info into the memory system-for ex, by extracting meaning.

Question 6

STORAGE

Answer 6

The retention of encoding info over time.

Question 7

RETRIVAL

Answer 7

The process of getting info out of memory storage

Question 8

SENSORY MEMORY

Answer 8

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system.

Question 9

SHORT-TERM MEMORY

Answer 9

Activated memory that holds a few times briefly, such as seven digits of a phone # while dialing, before the info is stored or forgotten.

Question 10

LONG-TERM MEMORY

Answer 10

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experience.

Question 11

WORKING MEMORY

Answer 11

A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial info, and of info retrieved from long term memory.

Question 12

EXPLICIT MEMORY

Answer 12

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. ( declarative memory)

Question 13

EFFORTFUL PROCESSING

Answer 13

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Question 14

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

Answer 14

Unconscious encoding of identical info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned info, such as word meanings.

Question 15

IMPLICIT MEMORY

Answer 15

Retention independent of conscious recollection. ( non declarative memory)

Question 16

ICONIC MEMORY

Answer 16

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenth of a second.

Question 17

ECHOIC MEMORY

Answer 17

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled w/in 3 or 4 seconds.

Question 18

Chunking

Answer 18

Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Question 19

MNEMONICS

Answer 19

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devises.

Question 20

SPACING EFFECT

Answer 20

The tendency of distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 21

TESTING EFFECT

Answer 21

Enhance memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, info. Also sometimes referred to as a ( retrieval practice effect) or ( test enhance learning)

Question 22

SHALLOW PROCESSING

Answer 22

Encoding on a basic level based on structure or appearance of words.

Question 23

DEEP PROCESSING

Answer 23

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the word; tends to yield the best retention.

Question 24

HIPPOCAMPUS

Answer 24

A neural center located in the limbus system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

Question 25

FLASHBULB MEMORY

Answer 25

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Question 26

LONG TERM POTENTIATION ( LTP)

Answer 26

An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, tepid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Question 27

PRIMING

Answer 27

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Question 28

MOOD CONGRUENT MEMORY

Answer 28

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood.

Question 29

SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

Answer 29

Out tendency to recall best the last ( a recency effect) and first items ( a primary effect) in a list.

Question 30

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

Answer 30

An inability to form new memories.

Question 31

RETROGRADE AMNESIA

Answer 31

An inability to retrieve info from ones past.

Question 32

PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

Answer 32

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

Question 33

RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

Answer 33

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info

Question 34

REPRESSION

Answer 34

The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Question 35

MISINFORMATION EFFECT

Answer 35

Incorporating misleading info into ones memory of an event

Question 36

SOURCE AMNESIA

Answer 36

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. Is the heart of many false memories. ( source misinformation)

Question 37

DEJA VU

Answer 37

The eerie sense that “ I’ve experienced this before” cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.