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Medical Terminology > Chapter 9: The Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 9: The Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogenous waste

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2
Q

bacteri/o

A

bacteria

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3
Q

bi/o

A

life

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4
Q

carcin/o

A

cancer

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5
Q

corpor/o

A

body

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6
Q

cyst/o

A

bladder, pouch

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7
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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8
Q

glycos/o

A

sugar

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9
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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10
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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11
Q

hydr/o

A

water

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12
Q

iatr/o

A

medicine

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13
Q

idi/o

A

distinctive

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14
Q

keton/o

A

ketones

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15
Q

lith/o

A

stone

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16
Q

meat/o

A

meatus

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17
Q

necr/o

A

death

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18
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

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19
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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20
Q

noct/i

A

night

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21
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

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22
Q

peritone/o

A

peritoneum

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23
Q

protein/o

A

protein

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24
Q

py/o

A

pus

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25
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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26
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

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27
Q

tox/o

A

poison

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28
Q

ur/o

A

urine

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29
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

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30
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

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31
Q

urin/o

A

urine

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32
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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33
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

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34
Q

-algia

A

pain

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35
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

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36
Q

-ary

A

pertaining to

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37
Q

-cele

A

protrusion

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38
Q

-eal

A

pertaining to

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39
Q

-ectasis

A

dilated

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40
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical removal

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41
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

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42
Q

-genic

A

producing

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43
Q

-gram

A

record

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44
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

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45
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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46
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

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47
Q

-lith

A

stone

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48
Q

-lithiasis

A

condition of stones

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49
Q

-logy

A

study of

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50
Q

-lysis

A

to destroy

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51
Q

-malacia

A

abnormal softening

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52
Q

-megaly

A

enlarged

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53
Q

-meter

A

instrument to measure

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54
Q

-oma

A

tumor

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55
Q

-ory

A

pertaining to

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56
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

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57
Q

-ostomy

A

surgically create an opening

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58
Q

-otomy

A

cutting into

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59
Q

-ous

A

pertaining to

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60
Q

-pathy

A

disease

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61
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

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62
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

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63
Q

-ptosis

A

drooping

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64
Q

-rrhagia

A

abnormal flow condition

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65
Q

-sclerosis

A

hardening

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66
Q

-scope

A

instrument to visually examine

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67
Q

-scopy

A

process of visually examining

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68
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing

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69
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

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70
Q

-tripsy

A

surgical crushing

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71
Q

-uria

A

urine condition

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72
Q

an-

A

without

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73
Q

anti-

A

against

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74
Q

dys-

A

painful, difficult

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75
Q

extra-

A

outside of

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76
Q

intra-

A

within

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77
Q

poly-

A

many

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78
Q

retro-

A

backward

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79
Q

cystic

A

pertaining to bladder

80
Q

glomerular

A

pertaining to a glomerulus

81
Q

meatal

A

pertaining to meatus

82
Q

pyelitic

A

pertaining to renal pelvis

83
Q

renal

A

pertaining to kidney

84
Q

uretal

A

pertaining to ureter

85
Q

urethral

A

pertaining to urethra

86
Q

urinary

A

pertaining to urine

87
Q

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the kidney

A

nephrology

88
Q

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the urinary system (and male reproductive system)

A

urology

89
Q

complete suppression of urine formed by the kidneys and a complete lack of urine excretion

A

anuria

90
Q

accumulation of nitrogenous waste in bloodstream; occurs when the kidney fails to filter these wastes from the blood

A

azotemia

91
Q

presence of bacteria in the urine

A

bacteriuria

92
Q

stone formed within an organ by accumulation of mineral salts; found in kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra

A

calculus

93
Q

urinary bladder pain

A

cystalgia

94
Q

bladder stone

A

cystolith

95
Q

abnormal bleeding from the urinary bladder

A

cystorrhagia

96
Q

increased formation and excretion of urine

A

diuresis

97
Q

difficult or painful urination

A

dysuria

98
Q

involuntary discharge of urine after age by which bladder control should have been established; usually occurs by age five

A

enuresis

99
Q

greater-than-normal occurrence in urge to urinate, without an increase in total daily volume of urine

A

frequency

100
Q

presence of sugar in the urine

A

glycosuria

101
Q

presence of blood in the urine

A

hematuria

102
Q

decrease in force of urine stream, often with difficulty initiating flow

A

hesitancy

103
Q

presence of ketones in urine

A

ketonuria

104
Q

kidney stone

A

nephrolith

105
Q

kidney is abnormally soft

A

nephromalacia

106
Q

kidney is enlarged

A

nephromegaly

107
Q

kidney tissue has become hardened

A

nephrosclerosis

108
Q

having to urinate frequently during the night

A

nocturia

109
Q

producing too little urine

A

oliguria

110
Q

producing unusually large volume of urine

A

polyuria

111
Q

presence of protein in urine

A

proteinuria

112
Q

presence of pus in urine

A

pyuria

113
Q

pain caused by kidney stone

A

renal colic

114
Q

narrowing of passageway in the urinary system

A

stricture

115
Q

accumulation of waste products (especially nitrogenous wastes) in bloodstream

A

uremia

116
Q

ureter is stretched out or dilated

A

ureterectasis

117
Q

stone in the ureter

A

ureterolith

118
Q

ureter has become narrow

A

ureterostenosis

119
Q

urethral pain

A

urethralgia

120
Q

abnormal bleeding from the urethra

A

urethrorrhagia

121
Q

urethra has become narrow

A

urethrostenosis

122
Q

feeling need to urinate immediately

A

urgency

123
Q

involuntary release of urine

A

urinary incontinence

124
Q

inability to fully empty the bladder; often indicates blockage in the urethra

A

urinary retention

125
Q

damage to and potential death of the renal tubules due to presence of toxins in urine or to ischemia

A

acute tubular necrosis

126
Q

accumulation of damage to the glomerulus capillaries due to chronic high blood sugars of diabetes mellitus

A

diabetic nephrology

127
Q

inflammation of the kidney (primarily of the glomerulus)

A

glomerulonephritis

128
Q

distention of the renal pelvis due to urine collecting in the kidney; often result of obstruction of a ureter

A

hydronephrosis

129
Q

kidney inflammation

A

nephritis

130
Q

presence of calculi in the kidney

A

nephrolithiasis

131
Q

kidney tumor

A

nephroma

132
Q

general term describing the presence of kidney disease

A

nephropathy

133
Q

downward displacement of the kidney out of its normal location

A

nephroptosis

134
Q

damage to the glomerulus resulting in protein appearing in urine, proteinuria, and corresponding decrease in protein in bloodstream

A

nephrotic syndrome

135
Q

formulation of multiple cysts within kidney tissue

A

polycystic kidneys

136
Q

renal pelvis inflammation

A

pyelitis

137
Q

inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney

A

pyelonephritis

138
Q

cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells

A

renal cell carcinoma

139
Q

inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood, resulting in uremia

A

renal failure

140
Q

malignant kidney tumor found most often in children

A

Wilms’ tumor

141
Q

cancerous tumor that arises from cells lining the bladder

A

bladder cancer

142
Q

blockage of the bladder outlet; often caused by enlarged prostate gland in males

A

bladder neck obstruction

143
Q

urinary bladder inflammation

A

cystitis

144
Q

protrusion (or herniation) of the urinary bladder into wall of the vagina

A

cystocele

145
Q

disease of unknown cause in which there is inflammation and irritation of the bladder

A

interstitial cystitis

146
Q

loss of nervous control that leads to retention

A

neurogenic bladder

147
Q

infection, usually from bacteria, of any organ of the urinary system

A

urinary tract infection

148
Q

screen test for persons at risk for developing kidney disease; measures amount of albumin and creatinine in urine

A

albumin/creatinine ration (ACR)

149
Q

blood test to measure kidney function by level of nitrogenous waste (urea) in blood

A

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

150
Q

urine sample obtained after cleaning off urinary opening and catching or collecting a urine sample in midstream to minimize contamination from genitalia

A

clean catch specimen

151
Q

test of kidney function; urine is collected for 24 hours, and the amount of creatinine in urine is compared to amount of creatinine that remains in bloodstream

A

creatinine clearance

152
Q

test to measure kidney function; measures level of creatinine, a waste product of muscle metabolism, in urine and uses this in a formula that estimates how well glomeruli are filtering water out of bloodstream

A

estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)

153
Q

laboratory test consisting of physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine

A

urinalysis

154
Q

laboratory test of urine for bacterial infection

A

urine culture and sensitivity

155
Q

instrument to measure specific gravity of urine; part of urinalysis

A

urinometer

156
Q

x-ray record of the urinary bladder

A

cystogram

157
Q

process of instilling contrast material or dye into the bladder by catheter to visualize the urinary bladder on x-ray

A

cystography

158
Q

injecting dye into bloodstream and then taking x-ray to trace action of the kidney as it excretes dye in the urine

A

excretory urography

159
Q

diagnostic x-ray procedure in which dye is injected into a vein and then x-rays are taken to visualize the renal pelvis as dye is removed by the kidney

A

intravenous pyelography

160
Q

x-ray taken of the abdomen demonstrating kidneys, ureters, and bladder without using any contrast dye

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder

161
Q

x-ray record of the kidney

A

nephrogram

162
Q

x-ray record of the renal pevlis

A

pyelogram

163
Q

diagnostic x-ray procedure in which dye is inserted through the urethra to outline bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis

A

retrograde pyelography

164
Q

x-ray taken to visualize the urethra while patient is voiding after contrast dye is placed in the bladder

A

voiding cystourethrography

165
Q

instrument used to visually examine inside of the urinary bladder

A

cystoscope

166
Q

visual examination of the urinary bladder

A

cystoscopy

167
Q

instrument to visually examine inside of the urethra

A

urethroscope

168
Q

flexible tube inserted into body for purpose of moving fluids into or out of body

A

catheter

169
Q

insertion of the tube through the urethra and into the urinary bladder for purpose of withdrawing urine or inserting dye into the bladder to withdraw urine

A

catheterization

170
Q

use of ultrasound waves from outside the body to break up stones; process does not require invasive surgery

A

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

171
Q

use of artificial kidney machine that filters the blood of a person to remove waste products

A

hemodialysis

172
Q

removal of toxic waste substances from body by placing warm, chemically balanced solutions into peritoneal cavity; wastes are filtered out of blood across peritoneum

A

peritoneal dialysis

173
Q

surgical removal of the urinary bladder

A

cystectomy

174
Q

surgical fixation of the urinary bladder, performed to correct cystocele

A

cystopexy

175
Q

to repair a defect in the urinary bladder by surgical means

A

cystoplasty

176
Q

to surgically create an opening into the urinary bladder through the abdominal wall

A

cystostomy

177
Q

to cut into the urinary bladder

A

cystotomy

178
Q

to cut into an organ for purpose of removing a stone

A

lithotomy

179
Q

physical destruction of a stone in urinary system by crushing or sound waves

A

lithotripsy

180
Q

to cut into the meatus in order to enlarge opening of the urethra

A

meatotomy

181
Q

surgical removal of a kidney

A

nephrectomy

182
Q

to cut into the kidney in order to remove stones

A

nephrolithotomy

183
Q

surgical fixation of a kidney to anchor it in its normal anatomical position

A

nephropexy

184
Q

to surgically create an opening into the kidney through the abdominal wall

A

nephrostomy

185
Q

to cut into the kidney

A

nephrotomy

186
Q

to repair the renal pelvis by surgical means

A

pyeloplasty

187
Q

surgical placement of a donor kidney

A

renal transplant

188
Q

substance that will neutralize poisons or their side effects

A

antidote

189
Q

usually unfavorable response resulting from physician’s actions, taking of medication, or a treatment

A

iatrogenic

190
Q

unusual or abnormal response to drug or food

A

idiosyncrasy

191
Q

response to drug other than effect desired

A

side effect

192
Q

extent or degree to which a substance is poisonous

A

toxicity

193
Q

used to treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract

A

antibiotic

194
Q

used to prevent or reduce bladder muscle spasms

A

antispasmodic

195
Q

increases volume of urine produced by the kidneys

A

diuretic

Medical Terminology (9 decks)

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