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FRHD 1010 > Chapter 9 Test Bank > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Test Bank Flashcards

1
Q

The period when childnren’s bodies become adultlike is called

A

Puberty

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2
Q

Menarche is

A

A girl’s first menstrual period

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3
Q

For boys, the event that most closely parallels menarche is

A

Spermarche

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4
Q

For both girls and boys, puberty typically begins as young as ___ years of age or as late as ____ years of age

A

8, 14

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5
Q

For girls, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is

A

Nipple growth, growth spurt, and menarche

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6
Q

For boys, the first ejaculation generally occurs

A

Following growth of the penis

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7
Q

The first outward sign of puberty in a typical girl is

A

Onset of nipple growth

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8
Q

Nancy, age 12, has just experienced a sudden growth spurt. According to the usual sequence of puberty, soon she will notice

A

Her hips growing wider

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9
Q

For boys, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is

A

Growth of the testes, initial pubic hair growth, growth of the penis, spermarche

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10
Q

Bill noticed that he has some pubic hair. According to the usual sequence of puberty, his next growth event will probably be

A

His penis growing longer and wider

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11
Q

Body chemicals that regulate sleep, moods, hunger, and stress are called

A

Hormones

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12
Q

The first hormones that begin the process of puberty are triggered in the child’s

A

Hypothalamus

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13
Q

The biological events that begin puberty involve a hormonal signal from the

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

Which glands receive signals directly from the hypothalamus

A

Pituitary

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15
Q

The organ that produces the hormones that stimulate the adrenal glands is the

A

Pituitary

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16
Q

The sequence of puberty hormone production that originates in the brain and ends with glands located atop the kidneys is known by the acronym:

A

HPA axis

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17
Q

What substance(s) cause(s) the ovaries and testes to greatly increase their production of estradiol and testosterone?

A

Gonadotropins

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18
Q

_____ is the sex hormone secreted in greater amounts by males than females.

A

Testosterone

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19
Q

The day-night cycle that occurs approximately every 24 hours is the:

A

Circadian rhythm

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20
Q

Since he entered puberty, Barry has been staying awake late at night and craving sleep in the mornings. His parents should realize that this:

A

Is due to hormonal shifts

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21
Q

Statistically, which student is MOST likely to fall asleep during class?

A

Allen, who is in the tenth grade

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22
Q

Latisha experienced menarche when she was 8 years old. She experienced:

A

Precociou puberty

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23
Q

About _____ of the variation in age of puberty is determined by genes.

A

Two thirds

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24
Q

Statistically, which adolescent is MOST apt to experience menarche first?

A

Rebecca, who is of African descent

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25
Q

Which statement is correct?

A

There is a positive correlation between body fat and early onset of puberty

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26
Q

Over the last two centuries, children have reached their adult height earlier and are taller than their ancestors. What is the official name of this phenomenon?

A

Secular trend

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27
Q

Which hormone is high at the onset of puberty and affects appetite, especially in girls?

A

Leptin

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28
Q

Family conflict and stress:

A

May cause early onset of puberty

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29
Q

Research indicates that female children who experienced a great deal of _____ while very young also experienced early puberty.

A

Stress

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30
Q

Evolutionary theory suggests that the relationship between childhood stress and onset of puberty exists to:

A

Insure that reproduction occurs early in stress filled environments

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31
Q

Ellie is 10 years old and well into puberty. She will probably experience:

A

Teasing and name-calling from her classmates

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32
Q

Typically, the adolescent who will probably find puberty MOST difficult is:

A

Katya, an early maturer

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33
Q

In the twenty-first century, early puberty positively correlates with:

A

Aggression and antisocial behaviour in boys

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34
Q

One of the first signs of the growth spurt is:

A

Growth of fingers and toes

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35
Q

During the adolescent growth spurt, what is the last part(s) of the body to grow?

A

Torso

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36
Q

Janet and Carlos are both experiencing a growth spurt. If they are typical adolescents, compared with Janet will have _____ than Carlos.

A

Higher proportion of body fat

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37
Q

During puberty, the growth spurt sequence typically occurs in this order.

A

Weight, height, muscles

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38
Q

One physical change that typically occurs during adolescence is that the child’s:

A

Heart doubles in size

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39
Q

Some teenagers seem able to skate, play basketball, or dance for hours without rest. This increased endurance is best explained by:

A

Growth of the heart and lungs

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40
Q

Garry is taking a weight-lifting class in high school. The weights he lifts should:

A

Match his size from the previous year

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41
Q

Which change contributes to an adolescent’s lessening susceptibility toward respiratory infections?

A

Shrinkage of the lymphoid system

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42
Q

Adolescent acne is usually caused by:

A

Increase in skin oils and sweat

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43
Q

Changes in primary sex characteristics include:

A

Growth of the uterus or the testes

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44
Q

Secondary sex characteristics are traits that:

A

Are not directly related to fertility

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45
Q

If a boy notices a swelling around his nipples during puberty, what is the likely cause?

A

Normal fluctuation of sex hormones

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46
Q

Once the primary sexual organs begin to function, adolescents are biologically capable of:

A

Reproduction

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47
Q

Over the past decade, the percentage of adolescents that consumed the recommended three or more servings of vegetables daily has:

A

Decreased

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48
Q

Which pair of nutrients is MOST likely to be lacking in the adolescent diet?

A

Iron and calcium

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49
Q

Statistically, which person is MOST likely to have the greatest health problems due to iron deficiency?

A

16 year old Marilyn, who is menstruating

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50
Q

The recommended daily dose of calcium is _____ milligrams; most teens consume less than _____ milligrams per day.

A

1300, 500

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51
Q

Sharon is concerned about deficiencies in her daughter Alana’s diet. If Alana is a typical teen, Sharon should feed her:

A

Steak to increase her iron

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52
Q

One reason adolescents’ nutritional habits may be poor is:

A

Anxiety about their body image

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53
Q

Studies indicate that adolescents worldwide share this problem.

A

They are dissatisfied with their bodies

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54
Q

Patty is 5 feet tall and weighs 87 pounds yet when she looks in the mirror, she sees an overweight girl. She does aerobics for two hours daily and eats very little. Patty MOST likely suffers from:

A

Anorexia nervosa

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55
Q

Josefina is obsessed with her weight. She sometimes eats a whole package of Oreos at once and then makes herself vomit. Josefina is of normal weight, but she constantly has heartburn. She MOST likely suffers from:

A

Bulimia nervosa

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56
Q

Bulimia nervosa is clinically present in _____ percent of young women in the United States.

A

1 to 3

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57
Q

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with anorexia nervosa?

A

Purging through vomiting or laxatives

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58
Q

During adolescence, the _____ matures before the _____ in the brain.

A

Limbic system, PFC

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59
Q

Xavier, 16, invites a group of his high school friends to swim in a neighbor’s pool late at night while that neighbor is away. They climb the fence and jump in, playing wildly and loudly in the water. Just a few minutes later, the police arrive. How does adolescent brain development help explain Xavier’s poor decision making?

A

His PFC is underdeveloped

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60
Q

Since adolescents’ prefrontal cortex is not fully developed, many of them tend to:

A

Exercise caution in most situations

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61
Q

Most adolescents think about themselves:

A

Frequently

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62
Q

Since adolescents regard themselves as uniquely special:

A

It is difficult for them to envision another person’s perspective

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63
Q

In general, adolescent egocentrism refers to the:

A

Viewpoint that one is noticed by everyone

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64
Q

A 15-year-old girl realizes that the dress she has worn to school has a small stain on it. Her belief that everyone will notice it is an example of:

A

Adolescent egocentrism

65
Q

_____ is the theorist who coined the terms “personal fable” and “invincibility fable.”

A

Elkind

66
Q

Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their:

A

Personal fable

67
Q

Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating:

A

Invincibility fable

68
Q

The belief that one cannot be harmed by things that would hurt someone else is referred to as:

A

Invincibility fable

69
Q

The power of the invincibility fable may be observed in:

A

Young military recruits who hope to be sent into combat

70
Q

The term imaginary audience refers to adolescents’:

A

Belief that everyone is watching their behaviour and appearance

71
Q

Marsha says, “There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me.” Marsha is demonstrating:

A

Her belief in an imaginary audience

72
Q

When adolescents fantasize about how others will react to their new hairstyle, they are creating a(n):

A

Imaginary audience

73
Q

Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence:

A

Formal operational thought

74
Q

When Piaget and Inhelder asked children of different ages to balance a scale using several different weights, they found that:

A

By age 10, children use trial and error strategies

75
Q

Jeremy is 7 years old and has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probably:

A

Put weights on both sides without considering distance from the center of the scale

76
Q

In Inhelder and Piaget’s balance experiment, trial-and-error problem solving was most characteristic of:

A

Concrete operational thought

77
Q

In Inhelder and Piaget’s balance experiment, a child who systematically tests the idea that the relationship between weight and distance is reciprocal is probably age:

A

14

78
Q

Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines:

A

Hypothetical thought

79
Q

One of the most prominent aspects of adolescent thought is the ability to:

A

Think in terms of possibilities

80
Q

Compared with younger children, when thinking about historical or other serious problems adolescents tend to:

A

Consider more possibilities

81
Q

Which statement is true?

A

Hypothetical thought involves imagines possibilities

82
Q

Justine is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Justine tends to ask critical questions such as, “Why can’t I have wine with dinner? You do.” or “I don’t understand why I’ll be able to vote when I’m 18, but I have to wait until I’m 21 to buy alcohol!” This demonstrates Justine’s:

A

Hypothetical thinking

83
Q

What-if propositions require:

A

Hypothetical thought

84
Q

Which term refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then make general conclusions?

A

Inductive reasoning

85
Q

Deductive reasoning is also referred to as _____ reasoning.

A

Top Down

86
Q

Bottom-up reasoning is also referred to as ______ reasoning.

A

Inductive

87
Q

All Christians believe in the Bible, and Josiah is a Christian; therefore Josiah believes in the Bible. This is an example of:

A

Deductive reasoning

88
Q

Using _____ thinking, a person might think, “If it barks like a dog and wags its tail like a dog, it must be a dog.”

A

Inductive reasoning

89
Q

Three different girls tell Brian that Titanic is their all-time favorite movie. He concludes that all girls love that movie. Brian has just used:

A

Inductive reasoning

90
Q

Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens’ health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of:

A

Deductive reasoning

91
Q

Research has shown that adolescents tend to apply formal logic:

A

In some situations but not in others

92
Q

Thinking or drawing conclusions based on past personal experience, emotions, or a gut feeling is referred to as:

A

Intuitive thought

93
Q

A thought that arises through a “feeling” that the thought is right is referred to as a(n) _____ thought.

A

Intuitive

94
Q

r-old Richard wants to be allowed to drive the family car, even though he does not yet have a driver’s license. When his parents ask him why he thinks he should have driving privileges, he answers, “I know other kids who do it, and it’s just stupid that I have to wait another 3 months until I turn 16.” This is an example of what kind of thinking?

A

Intuitive

95
Q

Fifteen-year-old Latrina has a 10 P.M. curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Latrina replies, “I’ve never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?” This is an example of what kind of thinking?

A

Analytical

96
Q

Klaczynski’s research found that logical thinking improved with age and education, but not with:

A

Measurements on intelligence tests

97
Q

Klaczynski’s studies of younger and older adolescents’ analytical thinking indicated that:

A

Most adolescents do not think as analytically as their capabilities allow

98
Q

Which factor is a good predictor of health for people around the world?

A

Completing secondary education

99
Q

Which statement is FALSE?

A

Secondary education refers to schooling completed after high school graduation, such as college or vocational training

100
Q

Middle school typically includes grades:

A

6-8

101
Q

Research has shown that adolescents who drop out of high school are strongly influenced by their:

A

Middle school experiences

102
Q

Rachel and Matt are in their first year of middle school. Statistically, one would expect their academic achievement to:

A

Decline

103
Q

According to research conducted in 2005, which student is MOST likely to be admired during middle school?

A

Louisa, who uses marijuana and frequently finds herself in physical fights

104
Q

The common middle-school schedule that involves classroom changes every 40 minutes:

A

Creates a developmental mismatch

105
Q

A strategy to increase student motivation in middle schools is to encourage a belief in:

A

Incremental approach to learning

106
Q

In schools structured so that individuals compete rather than work cooperatively, low-scoring students tend to:

A

Cope by endorsing the entity approach to learning

107
Q

_____ contributes to the poor fit between adolescents’ needs and the traditional structure of high schools.

A

Large school size

108
Q

Spreading insults and rumors by means of e-mails, text messages, or Web postings is called:

A

Cyberbullying

109
Q

Most U.S. high schools emphasize learning based on _____, which is developmentally appropriate.

A

Deductive thinking

110
Q

Which is NOT a challenge associated with vocational education at the secondary level in the United States?

A

Graduates of vocational programs earn less than students who do not attend them

111
Q

High school guidance counselors in the United States have an average caseload of _____ students.

A

270

112
Q

According to the results of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the countries with the highest math test scores are:

A

China and Singapore

113
Q

The nations with the best PISA results do NOT:

A

Focus on memorization of math formulas

114
Q

As the United States moves increasingly toward high-stakes testing:

A

Other nations are moving away from it

115
Q

José enjoys sports, especially running. As an adolescent, he has the potential to become a star athlete. Which pair of influences will be MOST beneficial to him in reaching his full potential?

A

Changes in myelination in his brain and the guidance of an experienced coach

116
Q

At what age does the brain become fully mature?

A

25

117
Q

Researchers predict that if PISA scores in the United States rose by 25 points, the result could mean an increase of _____ in the nation’s Gross Domestic Product over an 80-year time span.

A

$40 trillion

118
Q

It is typical for children to begin seeing pubertal changes in their bodies between ages 8 and 14.

A

True

119
Q

Deepening of the voice is among the last signs of pubertal changes in males.

A

True

120
Q

The major events of growth and sexual maturation associated with puberty typically are completed a year or two after puberty begins.

A

False

121
Q

The changes of puberty are initiated by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus.

A

True

122
Q

The average age of menarche for girls of normal weight is 15 years 6 months.

A

False

123
Q

The hormones that regulate puberty follow the sequence known as the HPA axis.

A

True

124
Q

Both boys and girls produce testosterone and estrogen.

A

True

125
Q

Hormonal increases directly lead to interest in sex.

A

True

126
Q

Precocious puberty is sexual development before the age of 8.

A

True

127
Q

Studies suggest that genes influence the timing of puberty.

A

True

128
Q

It appears that the timing of menarche is related to the accumulation of a certain amount of body fat, which is why heavy girls generally menstruate earlier than other girls do.

A

True

129
Q

Menarche does not usually occur until a girl weighs 100 pounds.

A

True

130
Q

Stress in an adolescent’s family decreases the hormones of puberty.

A

False

131
Q

Late-maturing girls tend to have a worse body image than their early-maturing peers do.

A

False

132
Q

In adolescence, growth proceeds in a proximal-distal pattern.

A

False

133
Q

During their growth spurt, females gain more fat than males do.

A

True

134
Q

During adolescence, the heart doubles in size, the pulse rate decreases, and blood pressure increases.

A

True

135
Q

Primary sex characteristics include pubic hair and nipple changes.

A

False

136
Q

Boys may experience some breast swelling during puberty.

A

True

137
Q

Secondary sex characteristics involve reproductive organs such as the uterus and testes.

A

False

138
Q

Most American high-school seniors eat the recommended amount of vegetables daily.

A

False

139
Q

One reason for nutritional deficiencies during adolescence is preoccupation with body image.

A

True

140
Q

Most teens are fairly satisfied with their physical appearance.

A

False

141
Q

A person with anorexia nervosa has a BMI of 18 or lower.

A

True

142
Q

Anita is within the normal range for weight, but she uses laxatives in order to control her severe overconsumption of calories. Anita suffers from anorexia.

A

False

143
Q

Many adolescents enjoy intense sensory experiences due to the difference in maturation rate between the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex.

A

True

144
Q

The prefrontal cortex is where planning ahead and emotional regulation occur.

A

True

145
Q

Emotional control is fully developed by adolescence.

A

False

146
Q

The frontal lobes are the last part of the brain to develop.

A

True

147
Q

Andre constantly thinks about himself and how others perceive him. He is most likely an adolescent.

A

True

148
Q

The invincibility fable reflects adolescent egocentrism.

A

True

149
Q

Adolescents’ belief that others are as intensely interested in them as they are in themselves is referred to as the invincibility fable.

A

False

150
Q

The belief in an imaginary audience makes adolescents self-conscious.

A

True

151
Q

In an experiment by Inhelder and Piaget that involved balancing a scale with weights, the age at which children were first able to use the trial-and-error method to achieve some understanding of balancing was approximately 10 years.

A

True

152
Q

Hypothetical thought involves reasoning only about propositions that reflect reality.

A

False

153
Q

As adolescents develop their capacity for hypothetical thinking, they become more capable of deductive reasoning.

A

True

154
Q

Usually academic achievement increases and behavioral problems decrease during middle school.

A

False

155
Q

Antisocial students tend to be popular in middle school.

A

True

156
Q

Changing to a new school during adolescence rarely affects a teen, and does not cause symptoms of psychopathology as some developmental psychologists believed.

A

False

157
Q

High school students can think abstractly, analytically, hypothetically, and logically as well as emotionally and intuitively.

A

True

158
Q

Secondary school teachers model formal operational thinking but may not connect with all students.

A

True

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