Chapter 9 Test Bank Flashcards
The period when childnren’s bodies become adultlike is called
Puberty
Menarche is
A girl’s first menstrual period
For boys, the event that most closely parallels menarche is
Spermarche
For both girls and boys, puberty typically begins as young as ___ years of age or as late as ____ years of age
8, 14
For girls, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is
Nipple growth, growth spurt, and menarche
For boys, the first ejaculation generally occurs
Following growth of the penis
The first outward sign of puberty in a typical girl is
Onset of nipple growth
Nancy, age 12, has just experienced a sudden growth spurt. According to the usual sequence of puberty, soon she will notice
Her hips growing wider
For boys, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is
Growth of the testes, initial pubic hair growth, growth of the penis, spermarche
Bill noticed that he has some pubic hair. According to the usual sequence of puberty, his next growth event will probably be
His penis growing longer and wider
Body chemicals that regulate sleep, moods, hunger, and stress are called
Hormones
The first hormones that begin the process of puberty are triggered in the child’s
Hypothalamus
The biological events that begin puberty involve a hormonal signal from the
Hypothalamus
Which glands receive signals directly from the hypothalamus
Pituitary
The organ that produces the hormones that stimulate the adrenal glands is the
Pituitary
The sequence of puberty hormone production that originates in the brain and ends with glands located atop the kidneys is known by the acronym:
HPA axis
What substance(s) cause(s) the ovaries and testes to greatly increase their production of estradiol and testosterone?
Gonadotropins
_____ is the sex hormone secreted in greater amounts by males than females.
Testosterone
The day-night cycle that occurs approximately every 24 hours is the:
Circadian rhythm
Since he entered puberty, Barry has been staying awake late at night and craving sleep in the mornings. His parents should realize that this:
Is due to hormonal shifts
Statistically, which student is MOST likely to fall asleep during class?
Allen, who is in the tenth grade
Latisha experienced menarche when she was 8 years old. She experienced:
Precociou puberty
About _____ of the variation in age of puberty is determined by genes.
Two thirds
Statistically, which adolescent is MOST apt to experience menarche first?
Rebecca, who is of African descent
Which statement is correct?
There is a positive correlation between body fat and early onset of puberty
Over the last two centuries, children have reached their adult height earlier and are taller than their ancestors. What is the official name of this phenomenon?
Secular trend
Which hormone is high at the onset of puberty and affects appetite, especially in girls?
Leptin
Family conflict and stress:
May cause early onset of puberty
Research indicates that female children who experienced a great deal of _____ while very young also experienced early puberty.
Stress
Evolutionary theory suggests that the relationship between childhood stress and onset of puberty exists to:
Insure that reproduction occurs early in stress filled environments
Ellie is 10 years old and well into puberty. She will probably experience:
Teasing and name-calling from her classmates
Typically, the adolescent who will probably find puberty MOST difficult is:
Katya, an early maturer
In the twenty-first century, early puberty positively correlates with:
Aggression and antisocial behaviour in boys
One of the first signs of the growth spurt is:
Growth of fingers and toes
During the adolescent growth spurt, what is the last part(s) of the body to grow?
Torso
Janet and Carlos are both experiencing a growth spurt. If they are typical adolescents, compared with Janet will have _____ than Carlos.
Higher proportion of body fat
During puberty, the growth spurt sequence typically occurs in this order.
Weight, height, muscles
One physical change that typically occurs during adolescence is that the child’s:
Heart doubles in size
Some teenagers seem able to skate, play basketball, or dance for hours without rest. This increased endurance is best explained by:
Growth of the heart and lungs
Garry is taking a weight-lifting class in high school. The weights he lifts should:
Match his size from the previous year
Which change contributes to an adolescent’s lessening susceptibility toward respiratory infections?
Shrinkage of the lymphoid system
Adolescent acne is usually caused by:
Increase in skin oils and sweat
Changes in primary sex characteristics include:
Growth of the uterus or the testes
Secondary sex characteristics are traits that:
Are not directly related to fertility
If a boy notices a swelling around his nipples during puberty, what is the likely cause?
Normal fluctuation of sex hormones
Once the primary sexual organs begin to function, adolescents are biologically capable of:
Reproduction
Over the past decade, the percentage of adolescents that consumed the recommended three or more servings of vegetables daily has:
Decreased
Which pair of nutrients is MOST likely to be lacking in the adolescent diet?
Iron and calcium
Statistically, which person is MOST likely to have the greatest health problems due to iron deficiency?
16 year old Marilyn, who is menstruating
The recommended daily dose of calcium is _____ milligrams; most teens consume less than _____ milligrams per day.
1300, 500
Sharon is concerned about deficiencies in her daughter Alana’s diet. If Alana is a typical teen, Sharon should feed her:
Steak to increase her iron
One reason adolescents’ nutritional habits may be poor is:
Anxiety about their body image
Studies indicate that adolescents worldwide share this problem.
They are dissatisfied with their bodies
Patty is 5 feet tall and weighs 87 pounds yet when she looks in the mirror, she sees an overweight girl. She does aerobics for two hours daily and eats very little. Patty MOST likely suffers from:
Anorexia nervosa
Josefina is obsessed with her weight. She sometimes eats a whole package of Oreos at once and then makes herself vomit. Josefina is of normal weight, but she constantly has heartburn. She MOST likely suffers from:
Bulimia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa is clinically present in _____ percent of young women in the United States.
1 to 3
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with anorexia nervosa?
Purging through vomiting or laxatives
During adolescence, the _____ matures before the _____ in the brain.
Limbic system, PFC
Xavier, 16, invites a group of his high school friends to swim in a neighbor’s pool late at night while that neighbor is away. They climb the fence and jump in, playing wildly and loudly in the water. Just a few minutes later, the police arrive. How does adolescent brain development help explain Xavier’s poor decision making?
His PFC is underdeveloped
Since adolescents’ prefrontal cortex is not fully developed, many of them tend to:
Exercise caution in most situations
Most adolescents think about themselves:
Frequently
Since adolescents regard themselves as uniquely special:
It is difficult for them to envision another person’s perspective
In general, adolescent egocentrism refers to the:
Viewpoint that one is noticed by everyone
A 15-year-old girl realizes that the dress she has worn to school has a small stain on it. Her belief that everyone will notice it is an example of:
Adolescent egocentrism
_____ is the theorist who coined the terms “personal fable” and “invincibility fable.”
Elkind
Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their:
Personal fable
Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating:
Invincibility fable
The belief that one cannot be harmed by things that would hurt someone else is referred to as:
Invincibility fable
The power of the invincibility fable may be observed in:
Young military recruits who hope to be sent into combat
The term imaginary audience refers to adolescents’:
Belief that everyone is watching their behaviour and appearance
Marsha says, “There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me.” Marsha is demonstrating:
Her belief in an imaginary audience
When adolescents fantasize about how others will react to their new hairstyle, they are creating a(n):
Imaginary audience
Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence:
Formal operational thought
When Piaget and Inhelder asked children of different ages to balance a scale using several different weights, they found that:
By age 10, children use trial and error strategies
Jeremy is 7 years old and has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probably:
Put weights on both sides without considering distance from the center of the scale
In Inhelder and Piaget’s balance experiment, trial-and-error problem solving was most characteristic of:
Concrete operational thought
In Inhelder and Piaget’s balance experiment, a child who systematically tests the idea that the relationship between weight and distance is reciprocal is probably age:
14
Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines:
Hypothetical thought
One of the most prominent aspects of adolescent thought is the ability to:
Think in terms of possibilities
Compared with younger children, when thinking about historical or other serious problems adolescents tend to:
Consider more possibilities
Which statement is true?
Hypothetical thought involves imagines possibilities
Justine is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Justine tends to ask critical questions such as, “Why can’t I have wine with dinner? You do.” or “I don’t understand why I’ll be able to vote when I’m 18, but I have to wait until I’m 21 to buy alcohol!” This demonstrates Justine’s:
Hypothetical thinking
What-if propositions require:
Hypothetical thought
Which term refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then make general conclusions?
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning is also referred to as _____ reasoning.
Top Down
Bottom-up reasoning is also referred to as ______ reasoning.
Inductive
All Christians believe in the Bible, and Josiah is a Christian; therefore Josiah believes in the Bible. This is an example of:
Deductive reasoning
Using _____ thinking, a person might think, “If it barks like a dog and wags its tail like a dog, it must be a dog.”
Inductive reasoning
Three different girls tell Brian that Titanic is their all-time favorite movie. He concludes that all girls love that movie. Brian has just used:
Inductive reasoning
Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens’ health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of:
Deductive reasoning
Research has shown that adolescents tend to apply formal logic:
In some situations but not in others
Thinking or drawing conclusions based on past personal experience, emotions, or a gut feeling is referred to as:
Intuitive thought
A thought that arises through a “feeling” that the thought is right is referred to as a(n) _____ thought.
Intuitive
r-old Richard wants to be allowed to drive the family car, even though he does not yet have a driver’s license. When his parents ask him why he thinks he should have driving privileges, he answers, “I know other kids who do it, and it’s just stupid that I have to wait another 3 months until I turn 16.” This is an example of what kind of thinking?
Intuitive
Fifteen-year-old Latrina has a 10 P.M. curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Latrina replies, “I’ve never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?” This is an example of what kind of thinking?
Analytical
Klaczynski’s research found that logical thinking improved with age and education, but not with:
Measurements on intelligence tests
Klaczynski’s studies of younger and older adolescents’ analytical thinking indicated that:
Most adolescents do not think as analytically as their capabilities allow
Which factor is a good predictor of health for people around the world?
Completing secondary education
Which statement is FALSE?
Secondary education refers to schooling completed after high school graduation, such as college or vocational training
Middle school typically includes grades:
6-8
Research has shown that adolescents who drop out of high school are strongly influenced by their:
Middle school experiences
Rachel and Matt are in their first year of middle school. Statistically, one would expect their academic achievement to:
Decline
According to research conducted in 2005, which student is MOST likely to be admired during middle school?
Louisa, who uses marijuana and frequently finds herself in physical fights
The common middle-school schedule that involves classroom changes every 40 minutes:
Creates a developmental mismatch
A strategy to increase student motivation in middle schools is to encourage a belief in:
Incremental approach to learning
In schools structured so that individuals compete rather than work cooperatively, low-scoring students tend to:
Cope by endorsing the entity approach to learning
_____ contributes to the poor fit between adolescents’ needs and the traditional structure of high schools.
Large school size
Spreading insults and rumors by means of e-mails, text messages, or Web postings is called:
Cyberbullying
Most U.S. high schools emphasize learning based on _____, which is developmentally appropriate.
Deductive thinking
Which is NOT a challenge associated with vocational education at the secondary level in the United States?
Graduates of vocational programs earn less than students who do not attend them
High school guidance counselors in the United States have an average caseload of _____ students.
270
According to the results of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the countries with the highest math test scores are:
China and Singapore
The nations with the best PISA results do NOT:
Focus on memorization of math formulas
As the United States moves increasingly toward high-stakes testing:
Other nations are moving away from it
José enjoys sports, especially running. As an adolescent, he has the potential to become a star athlete. Which pair of influences will be MOST beneficial to him in reaching his full potential?
Changes in myelination in his brain and the guidance of an experienced coach
At what age does the brain become fully mature?
25
Researchers predict that if PISA scores in the United States rose by 25 points, the result could mean an increase of _____ in the nation’s Gross Domestic Product over an 80-year time span.
$40 trillion
It is typical for children to begin seeing pubertal changes in their bodies between ages 8 and 14.
True
Deepening of the voice is among the last signs of pubertal changes in males.
True
The major events of growth and sexual maturation associated with puberty typically are completed a year or two after puberty begins.
False
The changes of puberty are initiated by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus.
True
The average age of menarche for girls of normal weight is 15 years 6 months.
False
The hormones that regulate puberty follow the sequence known as the HPA axis.
True
Both boys and girls produce testosterone and estrogen.
True
Hormonal increases directly lead to interest in sex.
True
Precocious puberty is sexual development before the age of 8.
True
Studies suggest that genes influence the timing of puberty.
True
It appears that the timing of menarche is related to the accumulation of a certain amount of body fat, which is why heavy girls generally menstruate earlier than other girls do.
True
Menarche does not usually occur until a girl weighs 100 pounds.
True
Stress in an adolescent’s family decreases the hormones of puberty.
False
Late-maturing girls tend to have a worse body image than their early-maturing peers do.
False
In adolescence, growth proceeds in a proximal-distal pattern.
False
During their growth spurt, females gain more fat than males do.
True
During adolescence, the heart doubles in size, the pulse rate decreases, and blood pressure increases.
True
Primary sex characteristics include pubic hair and nipple changes.
False
Boys may experience some breast swelling during puberty.
True
Secondary sex characteristics involve reproductive organs such as the uterus and testes.
False
Most American high-school seniors eat the recommended amount of vegetables daily.
False
One reason for nutritional deficiencies during adolescence is preoccupation with body image.
True
Most teens are fairly satisfied with their physical appearance.
False
A person with anorexia nervosa has a BMI of 18 or lower.
True
Anita is within the normal range for weight, but she uses laxatives in order to control her severe overconsumption of calories. Anita suffers from anorexia.
False
Many adolescents enjoy intense sensory experiences due to the difference in maturation rate between the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex.
True
The prefrontal cortex is where planning ahead and emotional regulation occur.
True
Emotional control is fully developed by adolescence.
False
The frontal lobes are the last part of the brain to develop.
True
Andre constantly thinks about himself and how others perceive him. He is most likely an adolescent.
True
The invincibility fable reflects adolescent egocentrism.
True
Adolescents’ belief that others are as intensely interested in them as they are in themselves is referred to as the invincibility fable.
False
The belief in an imaginary audience makes adolescents self-conscious.
True
In an experiment by Inhelder and Piaget that involved balancing a scale with weights, the age at which children were first able to use the trial-and-error method to achieve some understanding of balancing was approximately 10 years.
True
Hypothetical thought involves reasoning only about propositions that reflect reality.
False
As adolescents develop their capacity for hypothetical thinking, they become more capable of deductive reasoning.
True
Usually academic achievement increases and behavioral problems decrease during middle school.
False
Antisocial students tend to be popular in middle school.
True
Changing to a new school during adolescence rarely affects a teen, and does not cause symptoms of psychopathology as some developmental psychologists believed.
False
High school students can think abstractly, analytically, hypothetically, and logically as well as emotionally and intuitively.
True
Secondary school teachers model formal operational thinking but may not connect with all students.
True
