Chapter 9 Terms Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
aponeurosis
A
fibrous tissue connecting a flat muscle to a bone
2
Q
belly (of muscle)
A
the area of greatest mass, usually between the origin and insertion of it
3
Q
bursa
A
a sac of synovial membrane containing synovial fluid, usually around the point of most friction on a joint
4
Q
fascia
A
thin connective tissue around each muscle. it is joined to a tendon
5
Q
insertion
A
end of a muscle tendon where the bone does not move on contraction
6
Q
origin
A
end of a muscle tendon where the bone is moved by contraction
7
Q
retinaculum
A
thin fibrous bands and fascia holding the tendons of the wrists and ankles
8
Q
tendons
A
cordlike, nonelastic, fibrous bands of connective tissue
9
Q
abduction
A
moving away from the midline
10
Q
adduction
A
moving inward toward the midline
11
Q
eversion
A
outward and to the side
12
Q
extension
A
straightening and extending a joint, increasing the distance between two bones
13
Q
flexion
A
bending a joint, decreasing the distance between two bones
14
Q
inversion
A
turning a body part inward
15
Q
pronation
A
turning palm downard
16
Q
rotation
A
moving a joint in a circular manner
17
Q
supination
A
turning a palm upward
18
Q
buccinator muscle
A
muscle of the side of the face, controls the cheeks
19
Q
frontalis muscle
A
muscle of the forehead, moves the forehead skin as well as the eyebrows
20
Q
masseter muscle
A
muscle of the side of the jaw, moves the mandible upward
21
Q
orbicularis oculi
A
muscle of the eyes, controls the eyelids
22
Q
orbicularis oris
A
muscle of the mouth, closes the lips
23
Q
platysma muscle
A
muscle of the neck, moves the mandible down
24
Q
sternocleidomastoid muscle
A
muscle of hte neck, bends the head down, and rotates the head left / right
25
temporalis muscle
muscle of the temples, moves the mandible upward
26
deltoid muscle
muscle of the shoulder, raises the arm and away from the body
27
intercostal muscles
muscles between the ribs, contract and relax during breathing
28
latissumus dorsi
muscle of the back, moves the arms back and medially
29
pectoralis major
muscle of the chest, moves arms forward and medially
30
trapezius muscle
muscle of the shoulder, moves the shoulders, clavicle, and head. (shaped like a trapezoid)
31
biceps brachii muscle
anterior of the upper arm, raises the upper arm, and flexes the lower arm
32
brachioradialis muscle
anterior of the lower arm, bends the lower arm towards the upper arm
33
extensor digitorum
extends the fingers and toes
34
thenar muscle
muscle of the thumb, moves it toward the palm and bends it
35
external abdominal oblique
the side of the abdomen, bends the torso forward and twists it.
36
internal abdominal oblique
side of abdomen, but located beneath the external obliques and oriented in the reverse direction
37
rectus abdominus
anterior abdomen, bends the torso forward
38
biceps femoris
muscle of the posterior femur, extends it and flexes the lower leg
39
gastrocnemius muscle
posterior lower leg, bends the foot down (plantar flexion) and lets you stand on your toes
40
gluteus maximus
the butt
41
hamstrings
a group of three muscles on the posterior upper leg
42
quadriceps femoris
a group of 4 muscles in the anterior / lateral upper leg
43
peroneus longus
lateral lower leg, raises the lateral edge of the foot, and bends the foot down (dorsiflexion)
44
rectus femoris
anterior upper leg, bends the upper leg to the abdomen and straightens the lower leg
45
sartorius muscle
anterior upper leg, moves the leg to the abs and rotates it
46
semitendonisus / semimembranosus
pair of muscles of the posterior upper leg that move the leg back toward the butt
47
tibialis anterior
lower leg, bends the foot up (dorsiflexion)
48
vastus laterialis / medialis
lateral upper leg, bends it toward the abdomen
49
acetylcholine
a neurotransmitter that initiates muscle contraction
50
fascicle
a bundle of muscle fibers that are surrounded by fascia
51
hypertrophy
an increase in muscle size
52
muscle fiber
one (long) muscle cell
53
neuromuscular junction
an area in a fiber where a singular nerve cell connects
54
neurotransmitter
a chemical messenger between nerve cells and muscle fibers
55
atrophy
the loss of muscle bulk, caused by a lack of use or by malnutrition
56
avulsion
muscle tears away from a tendon, or a tendon from bone
57
compartment syndrome
the fascia acts as a compartment, holding in blood accumulating in an injured muscle of the leg
58
contracture
an arm or leg muscle becomes progressively flexed and drawn into a nearly immoveable position
59
fibromyalgia
a chronic disease in which muscles are inflammed, accompanied by hypersensitive points across the body
60
hyperextension-hyperflexion injury
whiplash
61
muscle contusion
bleeding in a muscle; a bruise
62
muscle spasm
sudden, severe, involuntary contraction of a muscle
63
muscular dystrophy
umbrella term of 9 genetic diseases, causing weakened muscles, leading to atrophy
64
**myotonic / Steinert's muscular dystrophy**
main symptom:
locations:
demographic:
main symptom: myotonia (prolonged spasm after used)
locations: muscles, nervous system, heart, GI, eyes, hormone grands
demographic: adults
65
**pseudohypertrophic / Duchenne's muscular dystrophy**
main symptom:
locations:
demographic:
main symptom: muscles decrease in size over time
locations: muscles
demographic: male children 2-6
66
Becker's muscular dystrophy
similar to Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, but milder, and affects slightly older males
67
**Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy**
main symptom:
locations:
demographic:
main symptom: progressive weakness in the hips, eventually walking is impossible
locations: begins in hips and progresses
demographic: males and females, late teens to early adulthood
68
**Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy**
main symptom:
location:
demographic:
main symptom: progressive weakness, with sudden bursts of rapid deterioration
location: muscles in the face, shoulder, and upper arms
demographic: affects males and females, teens to adults
69
**congenital muscular dystrophy**
main symptom:
location:
demographic:
Two types: a) b)
muscle weakness at birth; can cause seizures (Fukuyama)
location: anywhere
age: at birth or first few months
a) Fukuyama (seizure inducing)
b) w/ myosin deficiency
70
**Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy**
main symptom:
location:
demographic:
main symptom: weakness in the eye and facial muscles; dysphagia
location: eyes, face, throat
demographic: males and females in 40s-60s
71
**distal muscular dystrophy**
main symptom:
location:
demographic:
main symptom: mild muscular deterioration / weakness
location: distal muscles
demographic: adults, males and females
72
**Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy**
main symptom:
location:
demographic:
main symptom: progressive muscle weakening, life-threatening heart conditions, contractures
location: shoulders, upper arms, lower legs
demographic: childhood / early teens, mostly males
73
myalgia
pain in a muscle due to an injury or disease
74
myasthenia gravis
AI disease with abnormal and rapid muscle fatigue, particularly in the eyelids, causing ptosis (drooping)
75
ptosis
drooping of the eyelids
76
myopathy
many different diseases of muscles
77
myositis
inflammation of a muscle with localized swelling and tenderness
78
repetitive strain injury
trauma resulting from repetitive or overuse of a muscle
79
rhabdomyoma
benign muscle tumor
80
rhabdosarcoma
cancerous muscle tumor
81
rotator cuff tear
tear of the muscles around the head of the humerus
82
ataxia
incoordination of muscles, especially walking
83
bradykinesia
abnormally slow muscle movements or a decrease in movement
84
dyskinesia
abnormal motions due to difficulty controlling voluntary muscles
85
myoclonus
muscle jerking
86
athetoid movements
purposeless writhing of the hand
87
hyperkinesia
abnormal increase of muscle movement; restlessness
88
restless legs syndrome (RLS)
uncomfortable restlessness and twitching of the legs, particularly the calves, and usually at night time when trying to sleep
89
tremor
small, involuntary movements
90
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa due to repetitive muscle contractions, or pressure on a bone beneath it.
91
Dupuytren's contracture
progressive disease causing deformity in the fingers
92
fascitis
inflammation of a muscle fascia
93
ganglion
fluid-containing cyst on a tendon, often on the wrist, hand, or foot
94
lateral epicondylitis / tennis elbow
inflammation of origin of humerus (extensors and supinators)
95
medial epicondylitis
inflammation in the origin of humerus (flexor + pronators)
96
shin splints
pain / inflammation of the anterior shin muscles, an overuse injury
97
tendinitis
pain / inflammation of any tendon from injury or overuse
98
tenosynovitis
inflammation due to tendon overuse and lack of synovial fluid
99
acetylcholine receptor antibody test
diagnose myasthesia gravis
100
creatine phosphokinase (CPK-mm)
measures CPK-mm to detect muscular dystrophy
101
edrophonium test
drug edrophonium given to confirm myasthesia gravis
102
electromyography test (EMG)
needle electrode insertion to record muscle activity and diagnose muscle disease / nerve damage
103
deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
tapping on various tendons / joints to make sure normal reflexes
104
trigger point injections
injections into fibromyalgia sensitive spots to relieve pain
105
fasciectomy
complete removal of a fascia causing Dupuyten's
106
fasciotomy
incision on a fascia to relieve the pressure associated with compartment syndrome
107
ganglionectomy
surgical removal of a ganglion
108
myorrhaphy
suture together a torn, injured muscle
109
tenorrhaphy
suture together a torn, injured tendon
110
thymectomy
removal of thymus gland to treat myasthesia gravis
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