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AHIMA Medical Terminology > Chapter 9 Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

aponeurosis

A

fibrous tissue connecting a flat muscle to a bone

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2
Q

belly (of muscle)

A

the area of greatest mass, usually between the origin and insertion of it

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3
Q

bursa

A

a sac of synovial membrane containing synovial fluid, usually around the point of most friction on a joint

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4
Q

fascia

A

thin connective tissue around each muscle. it is joined to a tendon

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5
Q

insertion

A

end of a muscle tendon where the bone does not move on contraction

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6
Q

origin

A

end of a muscle tendon where the bone is moved by contraction

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7
Q

retinaculum

A

thin fibrous bands and fascia holding the tendons of the wrists and ankles

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8
Q

tendons

A

cordlike, nonelastic, fibrous bands of connective tissue

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9
Q

abduction

A

moving away from the midline

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10
Q

adduction

A

moving inward toward the midline

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11
Q

eversion

A

outward and to the side

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12
Q

extension

A

straightening and extending a joint, increasing the distance between two bones

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13
Q

flexion

A

bending a joint, decreasing the distance between two bones

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14
Q

inversion

A

turning a body part inward

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15
Q

pronation

A

turning palm downard

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16
Q

rotation

A

moving a joint in a circular manner

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17
Q

supination

A

turning a palm upward

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18
Q

buccinator muscle

A

muscle of the side of the face, controls the cheeks

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19
Q

frontalis muscle

A

muscle of the forehead, moves the forehead skin as well as the eyebrows

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20
Q

masseter muscle

A

muscle of the side of the jaw, moves the mandible upward

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21
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

muscle of the eyes, controls the eyelids

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22
Q

orbicularis oris

A

muscle of the mouth, closes the lips

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23
Q

platysma muscle

A

muscle of the neck, moves the mandible down

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24
Q

sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

muscle of hte neck, bends the head down, and rotates the head left / right

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25
Q

temporalis muscle

A

muscle of the temples, moves the mandible upward

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26
Q

deltoid muscle

A

muscle of the shoulder, raises the arm and away from the body

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27
Q

intercostal muscles

A

muscles between the ribs, contract and relax during breathing

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28
Q

latissumus dorsi

A

muscle of the back, moves the arms back and medially

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29
Q

pectoralis major

A

muscle of the chest, moves arms forward and medially

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30
Q

trapezius muscle

A

muscle of the shoulder, moves the shoulders, clavicle, and head. (shaped like a trapezoid)

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31
Q

biceps brachii muscle

A

anterior of the upper arm, raises the upper arm, and flexes the lower arm

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32
Q

brachioradialis muscle

A

anterior of the lower arm, bends the lower arm towards the upper arm

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33
Q

extensor digitorum

A

extends the fingers and toes

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34
Q

thenar muscle

A

muscle of the thumb, moves it toward the palm and bends it

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35
Q

external abdominal oblique

A

the side of the abdomen, bends the torso forward and twists it.

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36
Q

internal abdominal oblique

A

side of abdomen, but located beneath the external obliques and oriented in the reverse direction

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37
Q

rectus abdominus

A

anterior abdomen, bends the torso forward

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38
Q

biceps femoris

A

muscle of the posterior femur, extends it and flexes the lower leg

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39
Q

gastrocnemius muscle

A

posterior lower leg, bends the foot down (plantar flexion) and lets you stand on your toes

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40
Q

gluteus maximus

A

the butt

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41
Q

hamstrings

A

a group of three muscles on the posterior upper leg

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42
Q

quadriceps femoris

A

a group of 4 muscles in the anterior / lateral upper leg

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43
Q

peroneus longus

A

lateral lower leg, raises the lateral edge of the foot, and bends the foot down (dorsiflexion)

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44
Q

rectus femoris

A

anterior upper leg, bends the upper leg to the abdomen and straightens the lower leg

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45
Q

sartorius muscle

A

anterior upper leg, moves the leg to the abs and rotates it

46
Q

semitendonisus / semimembranosus

A

pair of muscles of the posterior upper leg that move the leg back toward the butt

47
Q

tibialis anterior

A

lower leg, bends the foot up (dorsiflexion)

48
Q

vastus laterialis / medialis

A

lateral upper leg, bends it toward the abdomen

49
Q

acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter that initiates muscle contraction

50
Q

fascicle

A

a bundle of muscle fibers that are surrounded by fascia

51
Q

hypertrophy

A

an increase in muscle size

52
Q

muscle fiber

A

one (long) muscle cell

53
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

an area in a fiber where a singular nerve cell connects

54
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical messenger between nerve cells and muscle fibers

55
Q

atrophy

A

the loss of muscle bulk, caused by a lack of use or by malnutrition

56
Q

avulsion

A

muscle tears away from a tendon, or a tendon from bone

57
Q

compartment syndrome

A

the fascia acts as a compartment, holding in blood accumulating in an injured muscle of the leg

58
Q

contracture

A

an arm or leg muscle becomes progressively flexed and drawn into a nearly immoveable position

59
Q

fibromyalgia

A

a chronic disease in which muscles are inflammed, accompanied by hypersensitive points across the body

60
Q

hyperextension-hyperflexion injury

A

whiplash

61
Q

muscle contusion

A

bleeding in a muscle; a bruise

62
Q

muscle spasm

A

sudden, severe, involuntary contraction of a muscle

63
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

umbrella term of 9 genetic diseases, causing weakened muscles, leading to atrophy

64
Q

myotonic / Steinert’s muscular dystrophy

main symptom:

locations:

demographic:

A

main symptom: myotonia (prolonged spasm after used)

locations: muscles, nervous system, heart, GI, eyes, hormone grands
demographic: adults

65
Q

pseudohypertrophic / Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

main symptom:

locations:

demographic:

A

main symptom: muscles decrease in size over time

locations: muscles
demographic: male children 2-6

66
Q

Becker’s muscular dystrophy

A

similar to Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, but milder, and affects slightly older males

67
Q

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy

main symptom:

locations:

demographic:

A

main symptom: progressive weakness in the hips, eventually walking is impossible

locations: begins in hips and progresses
demographic: males and females, late teens to early adulthood

68
Q

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

main symptom:

location:

demographic:

A

main symptom: progressive weakness, with sudden bursts of rapid deterioration

location: muscles in the face, shoulder, and upper arms
demographic: affects males and females, teens to adults

69
Q

congenital muscular dystrophy

main symptom:

location:

demographic:

Two types: a) b)

A

muscle weakness at birth; can cause seizures (Fukuyama)

location: anywhere
age: at birth or first few months
a) Fukuyama (seizure inducing)
b) w/ myosin deficiency

70
Q

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy

main symptom:

location:

demographic:

A

main symptom: weakness in the eye and facial muscles; dysphagia

location: eyes, face, throat
demographic: males and females in 40s-60s

71
Q

distal muscular dystrophy

main symptom:

location:

demographic:

A

main symptom: mild muscular deterioration / weakness

location: distal muscles
demographic: adults, males and females

72
Q

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy

main symptom:

location:

demographic:

A

main symptom: progressive muscle weakening, life-threatening heart conditions, contractures

location: shoulders, upper arms, lower legs
demographic: childhood / early teens, mostly males

73
Q

myalgia

A

pain in a muscle due to an injury or disease

74
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

AI disease with abnormal and rapid muscle fatigue, particularly in the eyelids, causing ptosis (drooping)

75
Q

ptosis

A

drooping of the eyelids

76
Q

myopathy

A

many different diseases of muscles

77
Q

myositis

A

inflammation of a muscle with localized swelling and tenderness

78
Q

repetitive strain injury

A

trauma resulting from repetitive or overuse of a muscle

79
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

benign muscle tumor

80
Q

rhabdosarcoma

A

cancerous muscle tumor

81
Q

rotator cuff tear

A

tear of the muscles around the head of the humerus

82
Q

ataxia

A

incoordination of muscles, especially walking

83
Q

bradykinesia

A

abnormally slow muscle movements or a decrease in movement

84
Q

dyskinesia

A

abnormal motions due to difficulty controlling voluntary muscles

85
Q

myoclonus

A

muscle jerking

86
Q

athetoid movements

A

purposeless writhing of the hand

87
Q

hyperkinesia

A

abnormal increase of muscle movement; restlessness

88
Q

restless legs syndrome (RLS)

A

uncomfortable restlessness and twitching of the legs, particularly the calves, and usually at night time when trying to sleep

89
Q

tremor

A

small, involuntary movements

90
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa due to repetitive muscle contractions, or pressure on a bone beneath it.

91
Q

Dupuytren’s contracture

A

progressive disease causing deformity in the fingers

92
Q

fascitis

A

inflammation of a muscle fascia

93
Q

ganglion

A

fluid-containing cyst on a tendon, often on the wrist, hand, or foot

94
Q

lateral epicondylitis / tennis elbow

A

inflammation of origin of humerus (extensors and supinators)

95
Q

medial epicondylitis

A

inflammation in the origin of humerus (flexor + pronators)

96
Q

shin splints

A

pain / inflammation of the anterior shin muscles, an overuse injury

97
Q

tendinitis

A

pain / inflammation of any tendon from injury or overuse

98
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation due to tendon overuse and lack of synovial fluid

99
Q

acetylcholine receptor antibody test

A

diagnose myasthesia gravis

100
Q

creatine phosphokinase (CPK-mm)

A

measures CPK-mm to detect muscular dystrophy

101
Q

edrophonium test

A

drug edrophonium given to confirm myasthesia gravis

102
Q

electromyography test (EMG)

A

needle electrode insertion to record muscle activity and diagnose muscle disease / nerve damage

103
Q

deep tendon reflexes (DTR)

A

tapping on various tendons / joints to make sure normal reflexes

104
Q

trigger point injections

A

injections into fibromyalgia sensitive spots to relieve pain

105
Q

fasciectomy

A

complete removal of a fascia causing Dupuyten’s

106
Q

fasciotomy

A

incision on a fascia to relieve the pressure associated with compartment syndrome

107
Q

ganglionectomy

A

surgical removal of a ganglion

108
Q

myorrhaphy

A

suture together a torn, injured muscle

109
Q

tenorrhaphy

A

suture together a torn, injured tendon

110
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of thymus gland to treat myasthesia gravis

111
Q
A

AHIMA Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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