Chapter 6 Terms Flashcards
Hematology
plasma
the bulk of blood, contains nutrients, substances made by the liver / glands, waste products, and is made of 90% water
albumin
a protein that keeps water from seeping out of the blood and into tissues
electrolytes
elements containing an ionic (pos/neg) charge which regulate various cardiovascular functions
hematopoiesis
process where all formed elements of the blood develop in the red marrow of long / flat bones.
hemat/o-: blood
-poiesis: process of creating
erythrocyte
a name for red blood cells (RBC). they are red due to hemoglobin, an iron-containing molecule.
hemoglobin
an iron-containing molecule which binds to and carries oxygen away from lungs and carbon dioxide to the lungs.
how are erythrocytes formed?
Stem cells in the red bone marrow form into erythroblasts, which turn into normablasts, which turn into reticulocytes, and lastly become erythrocytes.
leukocytes
white blood cell (WBC), which includes 5 types of cells
what are the 5 types of leukocytes?
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
granulocyte
a type of WBC that has little granules inside of it, 3 of the 5 types of WBC are these
agranulocyte
a type of WBC that lacks granules inside of it, 2 out of 5 WBC types are these
neutrophil
a granulocyte. engulfs and destroys bacteria.
eosinophil
a granulocyte. it releases chemicals to destroy foreign cells, such as dust
basophil
a granulocyte. releases histamine at the site of an injury, and heparin to control clot size
lymphocytes
an agranulocyte. they produce antibodies, which are toxic granules to destroy infected cells. there are multiple types.
NK (natural killer) cells
a lymphocyte which recognizes a cancer cell or virus and kills it
B cell
a lymphocyte which is inactive until a monocyte gives it a pathogen fragment
T cells
a group of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus, with 4 types
cytotoxic T cell
a lymphocyte that produces toxic granules to kill infections
helper T cells
a lymphocyte that produces interleukin and stimulates the production of cytotoxic T cells
memory T cells
a lymphocyte that remembers a pathogen after helper T cell exposure and becomes a cytotoxic T cell when it returns.
aka CD4.
suppressor T cells
a lymphocyte that limits the immune response by inhibiting B/T cells.
aka CD8.
thrombocyte
platelets - cell fragments that aid in the blood clotting process
stem cell => megakaryoblast => megakaryocyte => platelet
blood type
varies based on the presence of 3 antigens on a RBC: A, B, A+B, or O, as well as the Rh factor (+ or -).
how does a clot form?
- Platelet aggregation: thrombocytes stick to an injured blood vessel wall and clump.
- Platelets then release clotting factors
- The clotting factors are also released from plastma which makes fibrin.
- Fibrin holds the RBC and forms the clot (thrombus)
- Clot size is limited by basophil releasing heparin
what are the 12 clotting factors?
From I to XIII (there is no VI)
I. fibrinogen - liver
II. prothrombin - liver
III. tissue factor (thromboplastin) - injured tissue
IV. calcium - platelets
V. prothrombin accelerator - liver
VII. prothrombin conversion accelerator - liver
VIII. antihemophilic factor - platelets
IX. plastma thromboplastin factor - liver
X. Stuart-Prower factor - liver
XI. plastma thromboplastin antecedent - liver
XII. Hageman factor - liver
XIII. fibrin-stabilizing factor - liver + platelets
hemostasis
the cessation of bleeding
interleukin
stimulates b cells, t cells, and NK cells; also the cause of fever (temp = leukocyte activity)
interferon
stimulates other cells to produce antivirals
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
destroys bacterial endotoxins as well as cancer
immunoglobulins (antibodies)
coat the outside of bacteria/viruses/cancer to mark for destruction. complement proteins (C1-C9) attach to them and drill holls into organisms to destroy them.
IgA
antibody type that gives passive immunity, it is in bodily secretions and the skin surface
IgD
an antibody - on the surface of B cells and activates them into a plasma cell
IgE
an antibody - surface of basophils, causes release of histamine / heparin
IgG
an antibody - active immunity, reacts to what it has seen before
IgM
an antibody - produced 1st time body encounters a pathogen; they are big in size
blood dyscrasia
any disease involving blood cells
hemorrhage
loss of a large quantity of blood
pancytopenia
decrease of all blood cell types, due to a fail in stem cell production
septicemia
severe infection spread to the blood; aka sepsis
abnormal red blood cell morphology
any type of abnormality in the shape size or color of RBC
anemia
a decrease in # of erythrocytes by varying causes (5 sub-types)
aplastic anemia
failure of bone marrow to produce RBC, but they are normocytic and normochromic
normocytic
normal in size
normochromic
normal in color
folic acid deficiency
malnourishment, common in pregnant women. RBC are abnormally large (macrocytic)
iron deficiency
poor diet, menstruation, blood loss. RBC are microcytic (small) and hypochromic (pale)
