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AHIMA Medical Terminology > Chapter 6 Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Terms Flashcards

Hematology

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

plasma

A

the bulk of blood, contains nutrients, substances made by the liver / glands, waste products, and is made of 90% water

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2
Q

albumin

A

a protein that keeps water from seeping out of the blood and into tissues

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3
Q

electrolytes

A

elements containing an ionic (pos/neg) charge which regulate various cardiovascular functions

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4
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process where all formed elements of the blood develop in the red marrow of long / flat bones.

hemat/o-: blood

-poiesis: process of creating

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5
Q

erythrocyte

A

a name for red blood cells (RBC). they are red due to hemoglobin, an iron-containing molecule.

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6
Q

hemoglobin

A

an iron-containing molecule which binds to and carries oxygen away from lungs and carbon dioxide to the lungs.

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7
Q

how are erythrocytes formed?

A

Stem cells in the red bone marrow form into erythroblasts, which turn into normablasts, which turn into reticulocytes, and lastly become erythrocytes.

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8
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cell (WBC), which includes 5 types of cells

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9
Q

what are the 5 types of leukocytes?

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
  4. lymphocytes
  5. monocytes
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10
Q

granulocyte

A

a type of WBC that has little granules inside of it, 3 of the 5 types of WBC are these

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11
Q

agranulocyte

A

a type of WBC that lacks granules inside of it, 2 out of 5 WBC types are these

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12
Q

neutrophil

A

a granulocyte. engulfs and destroys bacteria.

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13
Q

eosinophil

A

a granulocyte. it releases chemicals to destroy foreign cells, such as dust

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14
Q

basophil

A

a granulocyte. releases histamine at the site of an injury, and heparin to control clot size

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15
Q

lymphocytes

A

an agranulocyte. they produce antibodies, which are toxic granules to destroy infected cells. there are multiple types.

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16
Q

NK (natural killer) cells

A

a lymphocyte which recognizes a cancer cell or virus and kills it

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17
Q

B cell

A

a lymphocyte which is inactive until a monocyte gives it a pathogen fragment

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18
Q

T cells

A

a group of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus, with 4 types

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19
Q

cytotoxic T cell

A

a lymphocyte that produces toxic granules to kill infections

20
Q

helper T cells

A

a lymphocyte that produces interleukin and stimulates the production of cytotoxic T cells

21
Q

memory T cells

A

a lymphocyte that remembers a pathogen after helper T cell exposure and becomes a cytotoxic T cell when it returns.

aka CD4.

22
Q

suppressor T cells

A

a lymphocyte that limits the immune response by inhibiting B/T cells.

aka CD8.

23
Q

thrombocyte

A

platelets - cell fragments that aid in the blood clotting process

stem cell => megakaryoblast => megakaryocyte => platelet

24
Q

blood type

A

varies based on the presence of 3 antigens on a RBC: A, B, A+B, or O, as well as the Rh factor (+ or -).

25
Q

how does a clot form?

A
  1. Platelet aggregation: thrombocytes stick to an injured blood vessel wall and clump.
  2. Platelets then release clotting factors
  3. The clotting factors are also released from plastma which makes fibrin.
  4. Fibrin holds the RBC and forms the clot (thrombus)
  5. Clot size is limited by basophil releasing heparin
26
Q

what are the 12 clotting factors?

A

From I to XIII (there is no VI)

I. fibrinogen - liver

II. prothrombin - liver

III. tissue factor (thromboplastin) - injured tissue

IV. calcium - platelets

V. prothrombin accelerator - liver

VII. prothrombin conversion accelerator - liver

VIII. antihemophilic factor - platelets

IX. plastma thromboplastin factor - liver

X. Stuart-Prower factor - liver

XI. plastma thromboplastin antecedent - liver

XII. Hageman factor - liver

XIII. fibrin-stabilizing factor - liver + platelets

27
Q

hemostasis

A

the cessation of bleeding

28
Q

interleukin

A

stimulates b cells, t cells, and NK cells; also the cause of fever (temp = leukocyte activity)

29
Q

interferon

A

stimulates other cells to produce antivirals

30
Q

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

destroys bacterial endotoxins as well as cancer

31
Q

immunoglobulins (antibodies)

A

coat the outside of bacteria/viruses/cancer to mark for destruction. complement proteins (C1-C9) attach to them and drill holls into organisms to destroy them.

32
Q

IgA

A

antibody type that gives passive immunity, it is in bodily secretions and the skin surface

33
Q

IgD

A

an antibody - on the surface of B cells and activates them into a plasma cell

34
Q

IgE

A

an antibody - surface of basophils, causes release of histamine / heparin

35
Q

IgG

A

an antibody - active immunity, reacts to what it has seen before

36
Q

IgM

A

an antibody - produced 1st time body encounters a pathogen; they are big in size

37
Q

blood dyscrasia

A

any disease involving blood cells

38
Q

hemorrhage

A

loss of a large quantity of blood

39
Q

pancytopenia

A

decrease of all blood cell types, due to a fail in stem cell production

40
Q

septicemia

A

severe infection spread to the blood; aka sepsis

41
Q

abnormal red blood cell morphology

A

any type of abnormality in the shape size or color of RBC

42
Q

anemia

A

a decrease in # of erythrocytes by varying causes (5 sub-types)

43
Q

aplastic anemia

A

failure of bone marrow to produce RBC, but they are normocytic and normochromic

44
Q

normocytic

A

normal in size

45
Q

normochromic

A

normal in color

46
Q

folic acid deficiency

A

malnourishment, common in pregnant women. RBC are abnormally large (macrocytic)

47
Q

iron deficiency

A

poor diet, menstruation, blood loss. RBC are microcytic (small) and hypochromic (pale)

AHIMA Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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