chapter 9: strengthen, justify the conclusion, and assumption questions

Question 1

rules for strengthen, justify, etc

Answer 1

1. there will be an argument. understand its structure
2. focus on the conclusion
3. the stimulus is suspect
4. try to prephrase answers
5. answer truths are given even if new information

Question 2

difference between strengthen, justify, and assumption

Answer 2

strengthen = make it any more true

justify = make it 100% true

assumption = what MUST be true

Question 3

strengthen Questions stem

Answer 3

“which of the following, if true . . . strengthens/supports/helps/most justifies

Question 4

rules of strengthen

Answer 4

1. ID the conclusion
2. personalize the arguements
3. look for weaknesses
4. strengthen any surveys or stats
5. rememeber if doesn’t need to 100% prove it

Question 5

wrong answers:

Answer 5

1. opposite answer
2. shell game
3. out of scope

Question 6

strengthen a casual argument

Answer 6

1. Eliminate alternative causes (mainly if the alternative cause is in the stimulus)
2. show that when the cause occurs, the event also occurs
3. show that when the cause does NOT occur, the effect doesn’t either
4. eliminate the possibility of a reversed relationship
5. validate the data

Question 7

use justify formula to justify the conclusion

Answer 7

premise + answer = conclusion

Question 8

justify stem

Answer 8

• allows the conclusion to be properly drawn or enables the conclusion to be properly

Question 9

note: most justify = strengthen. justify is 100% justified, not most

Question 10

justify stimuli will usually be __

Answer 10

conditional reasoning or contain numbers/percentages to allow you to fully justify

Question 11

solving justify problems

Answer 11

1. any “new” element in the conclusion will be in the answer
2. elements common in conclusion and at least one premise usually not in answer
3. if in premise but not conclusion, usually in answer

Question 12

assumption question stems

Answer 12

1. “assumption”, “presupposition” or a variation
2. never use “if”

Question 13

how do you check your answer in an assumptions question

Answer 13

• the answer will either support (link present ideas) or defend (debunk other ideas)
• can check by negating it. it should disprove the conclusion.

Question 14

Assumption answer quirks

Answer 14

1. No reason but the “at least one/at least some” answers likely to be right
2. “the most important” = usually wrong
3. negative answers, be careful!

• for conditional conclusions, it will usually close a link or deny a sufficient condition. occurs without a necessary condition

Question 15

the assumption will either:

Answer 15

1. eliminate alternate cause
2. cause causes effect validation
3. cause doesn’t happen, effect won’t happen
4. eliminate reversed relationship
5. strengthens data