Chapter 9 Solutions Flashcards
What is solvation/dissolution?
The breaking of intermolecular bonds in solvent and solute and new bonds forming.
Are dissolutions endo or exothermic?
Endothermic.
Gas into liquid is exothermic
What is solubility?
Max amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given solvent at a given temperature.
Which compounds are soluble in water?
- ammonium (NH4+)
- nitrate (NO3−)
- acetate (CH3COO−)
- Alkali metal (Group 1)
What is a complex ion/coordination compound?
metallic ions bound to neutral compounds and anions (ligands)
What is the mole fraction?
moles of solute per total moles
used for calculating vapor pressure depression and partial pressures of gases
What is Molarity?
moles of solute per liters of solution
used for rate laws, the law of mass action,
osmotic pressure, pH and pOH, and the Nernst equation
What’s molality?
moles of solute per kilograms of solvent
used for boiling
point elevation and freezing point depression.
What’s normality?
molarity of the stuff of interest in a rxn.
the molarity of the species of interest and is used for acid–base and Oxidation–Reduction reactions.
What is the ratio of volume of solution and solvent in dilute solutions?
volume of solution and solvent are approximately equal
Difference between Keq and Ksp?
No denominator b/c of solid salt reactant.
What is the Ion Product (IP)?
Solubility outside equilibrium conditions. (Keq out of eq.)
What does it mean if IP < Ksp?
the solution is unsaturated, and if more solute is added, it will
dissolve
What does it mean if IP = Ksp?
the solution is saturated (at equilibrium), and there will be no change in concentrations
What does it mean if IP > Ksp?
the solution is supersaturated, and a precipitate will form
What is the formation/ stability constant (Kf)?
Measures Eq. for complex formation in solution.
usually greater than Ksp
How does formation of a complex increase solubility?
By shifting by forming complexes with those ions and therefore taking them out of solution.
What is the common ion effect?
decreases the solubility of a compound in a solution that already contains one of the ions in the compound. (by decreasing its dissociation)
What are colligative properties?
The presence of a solute can affect the properties of a solution.
B/c of amount of solute not properties
What is Raoult’s Law (vapor pressure depression)?
Presence of solutes decreases evaporation rate of solvent but condensation is same.
What is freezing point depression?
Solute interferes with formation of lattice arrangement of solvent.
What is Boiling point elevation?
Decrease in vapor pressure due to increase in nonvolatile solute (group 1).
Raises boiling point.
What is Vapor Pressure?
measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapour state
What is the van’t Hoff factor?
number of particles into which a compound dissociates in solution.
