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Biology > Chapter 9 Quiz - Jack > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Quiz - Jack Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Produces offspring by ‘mixing’ traits from 2 parents

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2
Q

Conjugation

A

Form of gene transfer in some microorganisms

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3
Q

What type of reproduction is successful in a stable environment?

A

Asexual

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4
Q

What type of reproduction will be more desired in a changing environment?

A

Sexual

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5
Q

What type of cells contain 2 Homlogus set of chromosomes?

A

Diploid cells

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6
Q

What type of cells have two full sets of chromosomes?

A

Diploid cells

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7
Q

What determines whether an individual is a male or female?

A

Sex chromosomes (X and Y)

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8
Q

22 Homologous pairs of autosomes do not determine ___?

A

Sex

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9
Q

What do Homologous chromosomes share

A

Same size, banding pattern, centromere location

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10
Q

How do homologous chromosomes differ ?

A

In the alleles they carry

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11
Q

What is essential in sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis

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12
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

Gametes

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13
Q

What halves the genetic material to produce haploid cells?

A

Meiosis

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14
Q

Fertilization occurs when___

A

Gametes fuse, forming the diploid zygote

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15
Q

What produces the body cells during growth and development

A

Mitotic cell division

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16
Q

What type of cells undergo meiosis?

A

Specialized germ cells

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17
Q

What type of cells do not participate in reproduction?

A

Somatic cells

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18
Q

What cells produce haploid cells?

A

Diploid germ cells

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19
Q

What halves the chromosome number in scrambles alleles?

A

Meiosis

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20
Q

The events of meiosis ensures that gametes____

A

Are haploid and genetically variable

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21
Q

DNA replicates once, the nucleus divides twice in ___

A

Meiosis

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22
Q

What happens before meiosis?

A

Interphase (including DNA replication)

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23
Q

In meiosis, spindle fibers do what?

A

Attach to kinetochores and move the chromosome up

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24
Q

What happens in Meiosis 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up and separate

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25
Q

What happens in prophase 1?

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes align

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26
Q

What happens in anaphase 1?

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes split apart

27
Q

What happens in meiosis 2?

A

Two products of meiosis 2 divide

Producing 4 cells that contain half the chromosomes as a diploid cell

28
Q

Meiosis generates what?

A

Enormous variability

29
Q

How do the alleles get shuffled?

A

Crossing over in prophase 1

30
Q

What is the result of shuffled alleles?

A

Produces variability when portions of Homologous chromosomes switch places

31
Q

Asexual reproduction is reproduction without a ____

A

Reproductive male

32
Q

Chromosomes pairs align randomly during what phase?

A

Metaphase 1

33
Q

Every possible orientation of _ _ at _ _ is equally likely

A

Homologous chromosomes/Metaphase 1

34
Q

Gametes have many possible unique combinations of what?

A

paternal and maternal chromosomes

35
Q

Fertilization Multiples the _?

A

diversity

36
Q

Any sperm can fertilize any _ _?

A

Egg Cell

37
Q

A human couple can produce trillions of what?

A

genetically different offspring

38
Q

What arises when a zygote splits into two embryos?

A

identical (monozygotic)

39
Q

What arises when twins develop from separate zygotes?

A

Fraternal (dizygotic)

40
Q

Identical (Monozygotic) have a _ placenta

A

shared

41
Q

Fraternal (Dizygotic) have a _ placenta

A

separate

42
Q

What makes identical cell copies and occurs throughout life?

A

Mitotic division

43
Q

Meiosis produces genetically different haploid cells only in _

A

specialized cells and only during some parts of the life cycle

44
Q

_ sometimes occur in meiosis

A

errors

45
Q

What does polyploidy mean?

A

Extra chromosome sets

46
Q

What cells have 1 or more sets of chromosomes?

A

Polyploid Cells

47
Q

What does Nondisjunction result in?

A

extra or missing chromosomes

48
Q

What is the definition of nondisjunction?

A

the failure of chromosomes to separate in meiosis

49
Q

What effect does nondisjunction have on gametes?

A

It causes them to have incorrect numbers

50
Q

A _ _ abnormally is typically less severe than an incorrect number of _

A

sex chromosome/autosomes

51
Q

What can delete or duplicate genes?

A

Chromosomal rearrangements

52
Q

_ _ chromosome abnormalities also occur

A

Smaller scale

53
Q

An _ flips gene order

A

Inversion

54
Q

What is when 2 non-homologous exchange parts?

A

Translocation

55
Q

_ and _ may disrupt vital genes

A

Inversions and translocation

56
Q

Haploid nuclei are packaged into _

A

gametes

57
Q

In humans, gametes form in _ and _

A

testes/ovaries

58
Q

Spermatogenesis begins in the _

A

testes

59
Q

Diploid germ cells undergo _, then _ and _ before differentiating into _ sperm cells.

A

mitosis, meiosis 1, and meiosis 2, 4

60
Q

Oogenesis occurs in the _

A

ovaries

61
Q

In oogenesis, diploid germ cells called _ divide _ and then _

A

Oogonia/Mitotically/Meiotically

62
Q

Oogenesis yields a large egg cell and _ smaller cells called _ _

A

3/Polar Bodies

63
Q

In plants, _ produce gametes

A

Gametophytes

64
Q

Sexual reproduction involves an alteration of generations with _ _ and _ _

A

Multicellular haploid/Diploid Phases

Biology (7 decks)

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