Chapter 9 pt.2 Flashcards
2
Q
Blood carries _______, _______, and other substances to the cells
A
nutrients, hormones
3
Q
List some functions of the circulatory system
A
- Transportation of nutrients & hormones
- Transport gases of respiration
- Removes waste products from cells
- Maintain body’s fluid balance
- Blood & blood vessels help regulate body temperature
- Produces cells to fight against microbes
4
Q
What does blood consist of?
A
Blood cells & plasma
5
Q
What is the function of plasma?
A
Carries blood to other body cells, carries substances that cells need to function
6
Q
Red blood cells are called?
A
Erythrocytes
7
Q
What part of the RBCs carries O2 and gives blood its red color?
A
Hemoglobin
8
Q
T/F: Cells release O2 as a waste product
A
FALSE: Cells release CO2 as a waste product
9
Q
RBCs live for __ to __ months
A
3 to 4
10
Q
The body has __ trillion RBCs
A
25
11
Q
RBCs are destroyed by?
A
Liver & spleen
12
Q
Where are new RBCs formed?
A
In bone marrow
13
Q
How many RBCs are produced every second?
A
1 million
14
Q
What is the function of white blood cells?
A
Protect the body from infection. WBCs increase when there is an infection
15
Q
WBCs are formed by the?
A
bone marrow
16
Q
How long do WBCs live for?
A
9 days
17
Q
How many WBCs are there?
A
5,000 to 10,000 WBCs in cubic millimeters of blood
18
Q
What’s another term for white blood cells?
A
Leukocytes
19
Q
Platelets are needed for?
A
Blood clotting
20
Q
How many platelets are there?
A
200,000 to 400,000 platelets in a cubic millimeter of blood
21
Q
How long do platelets live for?
A
4 days
22
Q
What’s another name for platelets?
A
thrombocytes
23
Q
Platelets are formed by?
A
By the bone marrow
24
Q
T/F: The heart is a muscle
A
True
25
What are the three layers of the heart?
1. Pericardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
26
What is the perdicardium?
Outer layer that is a thin sac covering the heart
27
What is the myocardium?
Second layer of the heart, it is the thick, muscular part of the heart
28
The ________ is the inner layer. A membrane, it lines the inner surface of the heart
endocardium
29
The heart has __ chambers
4
30
What is the function of the right atrium?
receives blood from body tissues
31
What are the upper chambers of the heart called?
Atria
32
What are the lower chambers of the heart called?
ventricles
33
What is the function of the right ventricle?
Pumps blood to the lungs for O2
34
What is the function of the left ventricle?
Pumps blood to all parts of the body
35
Valves allow blood flow in __ direction
1 direction
36
The heart chambers fill with blood in the resting phase, this is called?
Diastole
37
The heart is in the working phase, blood is pumped through the blood vessels when the heart contracts. What phase is this?
Systole
38
_____ prevent blood from flwoing back into the atria from the ventricles
valves
39
What are the three groups of blood vessels?
* Arteries
* Capillaries
* Veins
40
Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
41
What is the largest artery in our body?
aorta
42
The aorta receives blood directly from?
The left ventricle
43
The smallest branch of an artery is an ______
arteriole
44
Arterioles connect to?
Capillaries
45
Which blood vessels are very tiny, allowing nutrients, oxygen, and other substances to pass through into the cells?
Capillaries
46
Which blood vessel picks up waste products from the cells?
capillaries
47
Which blood vessel carries waste product back to the heart?
Veins
48
Which blood vessel returns blood to the heart?
Veins
49
What color is venous blood? Why is it that color?
* Dark red
* Has little O2 and a lot of CO2
50
How are veins connected to capillaries?
By Venules
51
_____ are small veins that branch together to form veins.
Venules
52
What are the two main veins that branch together near the heart?
* Inferior Vena Cava
* Superior Vena Cava
53
Where does the inferior vena cava carry blood from?
* Legs and Trunk
* Torso-chest & abdomen
54
Where does the superior vena cava carry blood from?
The head & the arms
55
Where do the superior & inferior vena cavas empy into?
Both empty into the right atrium
56
Cells and capillaries exchange?
O2 & nutrients for CO2 and waste products
57
Lymph is formed in the ______
tissues
58
What does the lymph contain?
WBCs, proteins & fats
59
Which body system is a complex network that transports lymph throughout the body?
The Lymphatic System
60
What are the three primary functions of the lymphatic system?
1. Maintenance of fluid balance
2. Absorption of fats from intestines and transports them to the blood
3. Support and facilitation of the immune system
61
When do lymph nodes swell?
When producing more lymphocytes(WBCs) to fight off infection
62
Lymph nodes are shaped like?
Beans
63
What is the largest structure in the lymphatic system?
Spleen
64
How much blood supply does the spleen have?
500 mL (1 pint)
65
What organ filters & removes bacteria and other substances, while also destroying old RBCs?
Spleen
66
What does the spleen save when RBCs are destroyed?
Saves iron found in hemoglobin
67
What organ stores blood and returns it to circulatory system when needed?
Spleen
68
What is Respiration?
Process of supplying cells with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from them
69
The trachea divides into right & left ________
bronchus
70
The bronchi divide into smaller branches called _______
bronchioles
71
Bronchioles subdivide into?
1-celled air sacs call alveoli
72
What are the lungs filled with?
* Alveoli
* Blood vessels
* Nerves
73
Each lung is divided into lobes, how many lobes does the right lung have? Does the left lung have the same amount of lobes?
* Right lung: 3 lobes
* Left lung: 2 lobes
74
The lungs are separated from the abdominal cavity by what muscle?
The diaphram
75
Each lung is covered by a 2-layer sac called _____
Pleura
76
The lungs are _____ tissues
spongy
77
What is digestion?
Process that breaks down food physically & chemically, so it can be absorbed and used by our cells
78
The Digestive System is also called?
Gastro-intestinal system
79
Which body system removes waste from the body?
Digestive system
80
Where does digestion begin?
In the mouth
81
What is bile and where is it made?
* Greenish liquid
* Made in the liver
82
Food is mixed and churned with the gastric juices to form a semi-liquid substance called ______
chyme
83
Where is bile stored?
gallbladder
84
How long is the small intestine?
20 feet long
85
How is chyme pushed from the stomach into the small intestine?
Peristalsis
86
Feces pass through the colon into the rectum by ______
peristalsis
87
T/F: Feces pass out of the body through the rectum
FALSE: Pass out of the body through the *anus*
88
Name the three parts of the small intestine
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
89
What lines the small intestine?
Micro-Villi
90
Involuntary muscle contractions in the digestive system move food down the esophagus through the alimentary canal, this is called?
Peristalsis
91
What is the function of the Urinary System? (4)
* Remove waste from blood
* Maintains water balance
* Maintains electrolyte balance
* Maintains acid base balance
92
A pH of __ is neutral
7
93
Anything below a pH of 7 is ______, anything above a pH of 7 is ______
* acidic
* basic
94
What is the normal range of pH?
7.35-7.45
95
What carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
Ureters
96
Each ureter is about __ to __ inches long
10 to 12
97
A tube called the _____ is attached to the renal pelvis of the kidney
ureter
98
Urine passes from the body through the ______
Meatus
99
Urine passes from the bladder through the ______
Urethra
100
Each kidney has over a million tiny _____
nephrons
101
Each _____ is the basic working unit of the kidney
nephron
102
Each nephron has a ________ tubule which has a ________ _______ at 1 end
* convoluted tubule
* Bowman's capsule
103
Alveoli and capillaries exchange?
O2 & CO2
104
The male reproductive system consists of male sex glands called?
Testes
105
What hormone does the male testes produce?
Testosterone
106
Male sex cells are called?
Sperm cells
107
The testes are suspended between the thighs in a sac called the _____
scrotum
108
Release of an ovum is called ______
ovulation
109
The ovaries secrete the hormones _______ & _______
estrogen & progesterone
110
_______ gland are 2 pea-sized glands under the prostate
Cowper's gland
111
What produces a clear, colorless fluid before ejaculation (release of semen)?
Cowper's glands
112
What is the female sex cell called?
Ova
113
There are __ fallopian tubes
2
114
The main part of the uterus is the ______. The neck or narrow section of the uterus is the _______.
* Fundus
* Cervix
115
Tissue lining the uterus is the ________
endometrium
116
If sex cells from the male & female unite into 1 cell, that cell impants into the ______
endometrium
117
The ______ can stretch or tear from intercourse, injury, or surgery
hymen
118
The external female genitalia are called the _____
vulva
119
_____ ____ is a rounded, fatty pad over a bone called the symphysis pubis. What is it covered with?
* Mons pubis
* Hair
120
What are the 2 folds of tissue on each side of the vaginal opening?
* Labia majora
* Labia minora
121
________ is the process in which the lining of the uterus breaks up and is discharged from the body through the vagina
Menstruation
122
Mammary glands secrete?
Milk after childbirth
123
Uniting of the sperm and ovum into 1 cell is called?
Fertilization
124
An ovum has how many chromosomes?
23
125
What is the function of the immune system?
Protects body from disease and infection
126
The body reacts to a certain threat, what immunity is this?
Specific
127
The body reacts to anything it does not recognize as a normal body substance, what immunity is this?
Non-specific
128
______ are normal body substances that recognize other substances
Antibodies
129
What destroys abnormal or unwanted substanes in our immune system?
Antibodies
130
______ are substances that cause an immune response
antigens
131
Which WBCs digest and destroy microorganisms and other unwanted substances?
phagocytes
132
T/F: Phagocytes produce antibodies
False: Lymphocytes produce antibodies
133
What are the two lymphocyte cells?
* B Cells
* T Cells
134
Which lymphocytes destroy invading cells and produce poison near the invading cells?
T Cells
135
Which lymphocytes cause the production of antibodies that circulate in the plasma?
B cells
136
Which WBCs destroy the invaders through digestion?
Phagocytes
137
Which WBCs produce antibodies that identify and destroy the unwanted substances?
lymphocytes
138
Which body system secretes chemical hormones into the bloodstream?
Endocrine System
139
________ regulate the activities of other organs and glands in the body
Hormones
140
What is the master gland in the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
141
What does the anterior pituitary lobe secrete? (4)
1. Growth hormone (GH)
2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
3. Adrenalcorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
4. Male & female reproductive hormones
142
What gland is small, cherry-sized and is located at the base of the brain behind the eyes?
Pituitary gland
143
What does the posterior pituitary lobe secrete? (2)
1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-prevent kidneys from excreting too much water
2. Oxytocin-causes uterine contractions during childbirth
144
Which endocrine gland regulates metabolism?
Thyroid gland
145
What endocrine gland is butterfly-shaped and is located in the neck below the larynx?
Thyroid gland
146
1. What does the thyroid gland secrete?
2. Too much of this hormone causes?
3. Too little of this hormone causes?
1. Thyroid hormone
2. Too much TH increase metabolism (weight loss)
3. Too little TH causes slow movement (weight gain)
147
The parathyroid glands secrete?
Parathormone which regulates calcium use
148
There is a total of __ Parathyroid glands
4
149
Parathyroid glands are important in preventing ______
tetany
150
What gland is located in the upper chest behind the sternum?
Thymus
151
The thymus gland secretes?
Thymosin--development & function of immune system
152
What is the function of insulin?
Regulates the amount of sugar in the blood available for use by the cells
153
Sugar cannot enter the cells without _____
insulin
154
Excess sugar builds up in the blood causing....
diabetes
155
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
156
The adrenal cortex secretes?
1. Glucocorticoids
2. Mineralocorticoids
157
What body system coordinates everything from growth and metabolism to fertility, mood, digestion, and detoxification?
Endocrine System
