Chapter 9: Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define: pathogen

A

-cause disease (viruses, prions, protozoans, fungi, helminths, bacteria)

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2
Q

Define: opportunistic pathogen

A

-pathogens that cause disease in a weakend host (weak immune system/HIV/AIDS)

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3
Q

Define: endemic

A
  • an infection that is routinely detected in a population or region (common cold)
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4
Q

Define: epidemic

A

-widespread disease outbreak in a particular region during a specific timeframe

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5
Q

Define: pandemic

A

-epidemic spreads to numerous countries or througout the world

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6
Q

Define: emerging pathogen

A

-newly identified agents/pathogens that previously only caused sporadic diseases

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7
Q

Define: reemerging pathogen

A

-infectious agent that was once under control but is now resurfacing (antibiotic resistant bacteria)

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8
Q

Define: zoonotic disease

A

-diseases spread from animals to humans

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9
Q

Define: noncommunicable

A

-do not spread from human to human

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10
Q

Define: communicable

A

-spread from human to human

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11
Q

Define: contagious

A

-easily transmitted from one host to the next

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12
Q

Define: signs

A

-objective indicators of disease that can be measured or verified (fever, rash, blood in stool)

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13
Q

Define: symptoms

A

-sensed by the patient rather than precisely measurable (pain, fatigue, nausea)

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14
Q

Define: latent disease

A

-asymptomatic

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15
Q

Define: chronic disease

A

-slow onset and progression

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16
Q

Define: acute disease

A

-rapid onset and progression (quick resolution)

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17
Q

Define: noninfectious disease

A

-illnesses not directly caused by pathogens

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18
Q

Define: infectious disease

A

-illnesses caused by pathogens

19
Q

Define: susceptible host

A

-host that can develop a disease in question

20
Q

Define: obligate intracellular pathogen

A

-pathogens that only replicate inside a host cell and therefore cannot be grown as independent pure cultures

(viruses, certain bacteria, protozoans)

21
Q

Define: reservoir

A

-animate or inanimate habitat where a pathogen is naturally found

22
Q

Define: source

A
  • disseminate infectious agent from the reservoir to new hosts
23
Q

Define: endogenous source

A

-pathogen came from hosts own body

24
Q

Define: exogenous

A

-pathogen is from external to host

25
Define: vector
-organisms such as arthropods and rodents that spread infectious agents to other susceptible hosts
26
Define: morbidity
-existence of disease in a population
27
Define: prevalence rate
-morbidity in a given population during a specified time
28
Define: incidence rate
-number of new cases in a defined population during a defined time frame
29
Define: duration
-how long the infection lasts
30
Define: epidemiology
-monitoring and controlling disease occurrence to promote public health
31
Define: HAI
-healthcare acquired infection
32
Define: localized infection
-infection restricted to a specific part of the body
33
Define: systemic infection
-infection widespread throughout the body
34
Define: virulence factor
-ways pathogens overcome our defenses
35
Kochs Postulates
1. the same organism must be present in every case of disease 2. the organism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown as a pure culture 3. the isolated organism should cause the disease in question when it is inoculated into a susceptible host 4. the organism must then be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased animal
36
Infectious Disease Transmission (know mechanisms) Know figure 9.1
37
5 stages of infectious disease
incubation period: time between infection and the development of disease symptoms prodromal phase: patient has mild symptoms acute phase: patient experiences full blown symptoms period of decline: pathogen replication decreases convalescent period: elimination of the pathogen from the hosts body
38
Know the epidemiological triangle(what can be done to stop the spread of infection?)
- education - quarantine - vector control
39
Importance of CDC and WHO?
- the CDC is a federal health agency that serves as a central source of epidemiological information - the WHO is importance for the global governance of health and disease
40
What is the MMWR?
- MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT - updates health officials and care providers on U.S. health issues - provides summaries of health watches and a running report for selected notifiable diseases
41
What is an HAI (nosocomial)? Why are they a problem? Most common HAIs? Prevention?
- HAIs are healthcare acquired infections - 1 in 25 hospitalized patients develop an HAI Prevention - hand washing - personal protective gear - environmental sanitation - equipment sterilization - limiting patient transport - patient isolation
42
What is the NNDS?
-surveillance for nationally notifiable diseases
43
Examples of vaccine preventable diseases: