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Microbiology > Chapter 9: Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define: pathogen

A

-cause disease (viruses, prions, protozoans, fungi, helminths, bacteria)

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2
Q

Define: opportunistic pathogen

A

-pathogens that cause disease in a weakend host (weak immune system/HIV/AIDS)

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3
Q

Define: endemic

A
  • an infection that is routinely detected in a population or region (common cold)
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4
Q

Define: epidemic

A

-widespread disease outbreak in a particular region during a specific timeframe

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5
Q

Define: pandemic

A

-epidemic spreads to numerous countries or througout the world

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6
Q

Define: emerging pathogen

A

-newly identified agents/pathogens that previously only caused sporadic diseases

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7
Q

Define: reemerging pathogen

A

-infectious agent that was once under control but is now resurfacing (antibiotic resistant bacteria)

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8
Q

Define: zoonotic disease

A

-diseases spread from animals to humans

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9
Q

Define: noncommunicable

A

-do not spread from human to human

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10
Q

Define: communicable

A

-spread from human to human

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11
Q

Define: contagious

A

-easily transmitted from one host to the next

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12
Q

Define: signs

A

-objective indicators of disease that can be measured or verified (fever, rash, blood in stool)

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13
Q

Define: symptoms

A

-sensed by the patient rather than precisely measurable (pain, fatigue, nausea)

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14
Q

Define: latent disease

A

-asymptomatic

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15
Q

Define: chronic disease

A

-slow onset and progression

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16
Q

Define: acute disease

A

-rapid onset and progression (quick resolution)

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17
Q

Define: noninfectious disease

A

-illnesses not directly caused by pathogens

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18
Q

Define: infectious disease

A

-illnesses caused by pathogens

19
Q

Define: susceptible host

A

-host that can develop a disease in question

20
Q

Define: obligate intracellular pathogen

A

-pathogens that only replicate inside a host cell and therefore cannot be grown as independent pure cultures

(viruses, certain bacteria, protozoans)

21
Q

Define: reservoir

A

-animate or inanimate habitat where a pathogen is naturally found

22
Q

Define: source

A
  • disseminate infectious agent from the reservoir to new hosts
23
Q

Define: endogenous source

A

-pathogen came from hosts own body

24
Q

Define: exogenous

A

-pathogen is from external to host

25
Q

Define: vector

A

-organisms such as arthropods and rodents that spread infectious agents to other susceptible hosts

26
Q

Define: morbidity

A

-existence of disease in a population

27
Q

Define: prevalence rate

A

-morbidity in a given population during a specified time

28
Q

Define: incidence rate

A

-number of new cases in a defined population during a defined time frame

29
Q

Define: duration

A

-how long the infection lasts

30
Q

Define: epidemiology

A

-monitoring and controlling disease occurrence to promote public health

31
Q

Define: HAI

A

-healthcare acquired infection

32
Q

Define: localized infection

A

-infection restricted to a specific part of the body

33
Q

Define: systemic infection

A

-infection widespread throughout the body

34
Q

Define: virulence factor

A

-ways pathogens overcome our defenses

35
Q

Kochs Postulates

A
  1. the same organism must be present in every case of disease
  2. the organism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown as a pure culture
  3. the isolated organism should cause the disease in question when it is inoculated into a susceptible host
  4. the organism must then be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased animal
36
Q

Infectious Disease Transmission (know mechanisms)

Know figure 9.1

A
37
Q

5 stages of infectious disease

A

incubation period: time between infection and the development of disease symptoms

prodromal phase: patient has mild symptoms

acute phase: patient experiences full blown symptoms

period of decline: pathogen replication decreases

convalescent period: elimination of the pathogen from the hosts body

38
Q

Know the epidemiological triangle(what can be done to stop the spread of infection?)

A
  • education
  • quarantine
  • vector control
39
Q

Importance of CDC and WHO?

A
  • the CDC is a federal health agency that serves as a central source of epidemiological information
  • the WHO is importance for the global governance of health and disease
40
Q

What is the MMWR?

A
  • MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT
  • updates health officials and care providers on U.S. health issues
  • provides summaries of health watches and a running report for selected notifiable diseases
41
Q

What is an HAI (nosocomial)? Why are they a problem?

Most common HAIs?

Prevention?

A
  • HAIs are healthcare acquired infections
  • 1 in 25 hospitalized patients develop an HAI

Prevention

  • hand washing
  • personal protective gear
  • environmental sanitation
  • equipment sterilization
  • limiting patient transport
  • patient isolation
42
Q

What is the NNDS?

A

-surveillance for nationally notifiable diseases

43
Q

Examples of vaccine preventable diseases:

A

Microbiology (10 decks)

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