Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Chapter 8: Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define: catabolic

A
  • break down substances and release energy
  • generally hydrolytic and exergonic
    ex. ) cell breaking down sugars into carbon dioxide and water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define: anabolic

A
  • combine energy and molecules to build new substances
  • dehydration synthesis reactions tend to be endergonic
    ex. )

amino acids build proteins

nucleotides build nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define: amphibolic

A

-dual role, can be used for both breaking down and building substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define: ATP

A
  • (adenosine triphosphate) made by catabolic reactions and provides the energy for anabolic reactions
  • made of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define: ADP

A

-ADP is produced when ATP removes a phosphate group by dephyosphorylation which releases energy producing ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define: AMP

A
  • molecule made of adenine and one phosphate group; formed when cells dephosphorylate ADP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define: Catalyst

A
  • increases the reaction rate
  • only needed in small amounts
  • not consumed or permanently changed by a reaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define: reaction rate

A
  • speed at which a reaction occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define: active site

A

-the site of an enzyme that interacts with the substrate to start a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define: activation energy

A

-the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define: reactant

A

-ingredients of a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define: product

A

-substances generated as a result of a reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define: coenzyme

A
  • organic nonprotein cofactors that range from free molecules that can move about to factors anchored to the enzyme they assist
  • vitamins
  • NAD+, FAD, NADP+, FMN

-basically energy storage molecules (electron carriers)
etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define: enzyme

A

-protein catalysts that help chemical reactions occur under cellular conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define: cofactor

A
  • nonprotein components that some enzymes need to function
  • iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define: ribozymes

A

-enzymes made of the nucleic acid RNA; more limited range of substrates than protein enzymes

17
Q

Define: denatured

A
  • term applied to enzymes and proteins, that through exposure to high temp or other conditions, lose their 3D structure and become nonfunctional
18
Q

Define: allosteric activation

A

-when a regulatory molecule increases enzyme activity by binding to the enzymes allosteric site

19
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity?

A
  • noncompetitive inhibitors decrease enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme at a site other than the active site
  • competitive inhibitors slow reactions by competing with a substrate for the target enzyme’s active site

(part of feedback inhibition)

20
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A
21
Q

Factors that affect enzyme activity continued….

A
  • allosteric activation occurs when regulatory molecule increases enzyme activity by binding to enzymes allosteric site
  • allosteric inhibition a regulatory molecule binds to the enzymes allosteric site and leads to decrease in the enzymes activity
22
Q

continueeeeedddddd :(

A

Temperature- lowering temp lowers enzyme activity; increasing temp increases enzyme activity

pH- pH above or below optimal pH will alter enzyme structure

Phosphorylation- kinases add phosphate groups( phosphorylation); phosphatases remove phosphate groups (dephosphorylation)

23
Q

Catabolism process of cell respiration: aerobic, anaerobic, fermentation

A
24
Q

*Be able to diagram an ATP molecule

A
25
Q

Steps of aerobic respiration (glycolysis)

A
  • requires six carbon glucose and investment of energy (2ATP) to start reaction
  • 6 carbon glucose is split into two 3-c molecules of pyruvic acid
  • 2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH
  • net gain of two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose oxidized during glycolysis
26
Q

steps of aerobic respiration (intermediate step)

A

-pyruvic acid that was made in glycolysis proceeds to pyruvate oxidation

-converts both molecules into a 2 carbon acetyl-CoA and releases two carbon dioxide

-produces two NADH (energy storage molecule)

27
Q

steps of aerobic respiration (Krebs Cycle)

A
  • a series of redox reactions
  • decarboxylation reactions (CO2 is removed)
28
Q

Steps of aerobic respiration (electron transport chain)

A
29
Q

Where cellular respiration occurs (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)

A
30
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

-an enzyme in the electron transport chain that captures energy of the flowing protons and uses it to recharge ADP to ATP

31
Q

Fermentation

A
  • sustains ATP production by glycolysis
  • NADH passes its electron passengers to an inorganic molecule like pyruvic acid
  • recycling of NADH into NAD+
  • NAD+ is essential in making more ATP
32
Q

Various end products of anaerobic fermentation? Why are we concerned about these products?

A

Homolactic Fermentation: pyruvic acid reduced to lactic acid

Heterolactic Fermentation: pyruvic acid reduced to lactic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide

Alcohol Fermentation: pyruvic acid converted to ethanol and CO2

Mixed Acid Fermentation: pyruvic acid into a variety of acidic end products and gases

Butanediol Fermentation: converts pyruvic acid into butanediol and ethanol

33
Q

How are lipids and proteins catabolized to make ATP?

A
34
Q

How do bacteria use biosynthesis to make macromolecules?

A

biosynthesis: the construction of biological molecules

35
Q

What energy sources do microbes use to make ATP?

A
36
Q

Metabolic tests to identify bacteria

A

Amino Acid Catabolism test- looks for deaminases and decarboxylases

Fermentation test- media contains protein, a single carbohydrate, a pH indicator and sometimes an inverted Durham tube; fermentation pathways can produce acids-accumulation of acidic end products will lower the pH of the broth; change color

Microbiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions