CHAPTER 9 - POSTTEST

Question 1

A theory that employees can be moti- vated by monitoring their own progress toward the goals they set and adjusting their behavior to reach those goals.

Answer 1

Self-regulation

Question 2

A method of recruitment in which job applicants are told both the positive and the neg- ative aspects of a job.

Answer 2

Realistic job preview (RJP)

Question 3

The theory proposed by Hackman and Oldham that suggests that certain character- istics of a job will make the job more or less satisfying, depending on the particular needs of the worker.

Answer 3

Job characteristics theory

Question 4

A system arranged by rank.

Answer 4

Hierarchy

Question 5

The first step in Maslow’s needs hierarchy, concerning survival needs for food, air, water, and the like.

Answer 5

Basic biological needs

Question 6

The second step in Maslow’s hierarchy, concerning the need for security, stability, and physical safety.

Answer 6

Safety needs

Question 7

The third step in Maslow’s hierarchy, concerning the need to interact with other people.

Answer 7

Social needs

Question 8

The fourth step in Maslow’s hierarchy, concerning the individual’s need for recog- nition and success.

Answer 8

Ego needs

Question 9

The fifth step in Maslow’s hi- erarchy, concerning the need to realize one’s potential.

Answer 9

Self-actualization needs

Question 10

A theory based on the idea that employees will be satisfied with jobs that satisfy their needs.

Answer 10

Needs theory

Question 11

Aldefer’s needs theory, which describes three levels of satisfaction: existence, relatedness, and growth.

Answer 11

ERG theory

Question 12

Herzberg’s needs theory, postulating that there are two factors involved in job satisfac- tion: hygiene factors and motivators.

Answer 12

Two-factor theory

Question 13

In Herzberg’s two-factor theory, job-related elements that result from but do not involve the job itself.

Answer 13

Hygiene factors

Question 14

In Herzberg’s two-factor theory, elements of a job that concern the actual duties performed by the employee.

Answer 14

Motivators

Question 15

A method of increasing performance in which employees are given specific performance goals to aim for.

Answer 15

Goal setting

Question 16

A type of learning based on the idea that humans learn to behave in ways that will result in favorable outcomes and learn not to behave in ways that result in unfavorable outcomes.

Answer 16

Operant conditioning

Question 17

The idea that reinforcement is relative both within an individual and between individuals

Answer 17

Premack Principle

Question 18

A rank-ordered list of reinforcers for an individual.

Answer 18

Reinforcement hierarchy

Question 19

A motivation technique using such methods as personal attention, signs of approval, and expressions of appreciation.

Answer 19

Social recognition

Question 20

A system in which employees are paid on the basis of how much they individually produce.

Answer 20

Pay for performance

Question 21

An incentive plan in which employees receive pay bonuses based on performance appraisal scores.

Answer 21

Merit pay

Question 22

A group incentive system in which employees are paid a bonus based on improvements in group productivity.

Answer 22

Gainsharing

Question 23

The level of productivity before the implementation of a gainsharing plan.

Answer 23

Baseline

Question 24

A group incentive method in which employees are given the option of buying stock in the future at the price of the stock when the options were granted.

Answer 24

Stock options

Question 25

Vroom’s theory that motivation is a function of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

Answer 25

Expectancy theory

Question 26

The extent to which people believe that they are responsible for and in control of their success or failure in life.

Answer 26

Internal locus of control

Question 27

A theory of job satisfaction stating that employees will be satisfied if their ratio of effort to reward is similar to that of other employees.

Answer 27

Equity theory

Question 28

In equity theory, the elements that employees put into their jobs.

Answer 28

Inputs

Question 29

In equity theory, what employees get from their jobs.

Answer 29

Outputs

Question 30

The ratio of how much employees believe they put into their jobs to how much they believe they get from their jobs.

Answer 30

Input/output ratio

Question 31

A theory that postulates that if employees perceive they are being treated fairly, they will be more likely to be satisfied with their jobs and motivated to do well.

Answer 31

Organizational justice