Chapter 9 Pathophysiology: Vital Vocabulary Flashcards
An increase in extracellular H+ ions; a blood pH of less than 7.35
Acidosis
The immunity that occurs when the body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to the invader
Acquired immunity
Mediators of inflammation trigger the appearance of molecules known as selections and integrins on the surfaces of endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, respectively
Activation
The attachment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to endothelial cells, mediated by selectins and integrins
Adhesion
The metabolic acidosis state that manifests because of the inadequate nutritional habits associated with chronic alcohol abuse. The liver and body experience inadequate fuel reserves of glycogen and, thus, have to switch to fatty acid metabolism
Alcoholic ketoacidosis
A decrease in extracellular H+ ions; a blood pH greater than 7.45
Alkalosis
Any substance that causes a hypersensitivity reaction
Allergen
A hypersensitivity reaction to the presence of an agent (allergen) that is intrinsically harmless
Allergy
A severe hypersensitivity reaction that involves bronchoconstriction and cardiovascular collapse
Anaphylactic shock
The growth of new blood vessels
Angiogenesis
A protein secreted by certain immune cells that bind antigens to make them more visible to the immune system
Antibody
A foreign substance recognized by the immune system
Antigen
Normal, genetically programmed cell death
Apoptosis
A chronic inflammatory lower airway condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production
Asthma
An allergic tendency
Atopic
A decrease in cell size due to a loss of sub-cellular components
Atrophy
Antibodies directed against the person’s own proteins
Autoantibodies
The production of antibodies or T cells that work against the tissues of a person’s body, producing autoimmune disease or a hypersensitivity reaction
Autoimmunity
A pattern of inheritance that involves genes that are located on autosomes or the nonsex chromosomes. Inheritance of only one copy of a pair show the trait.
Autosomal dominant
A pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on autosomes or the nonsex chromosomes. Inheritance of two copies of a particular form of a gene is needed to show the trait.
Autosomal recessive
A slow respiratory rate
Bradypnea
A test performed on the fingernails or toenails that involves briefly squeezing the toenail or fingernail and evaluating the time it takes for the color to return.
Capillary refill time
A condition caused by loss of 40% or more of the functioning myocardium; the heart is no longer able to circulate sufficient blood to maintain adequate oxygen delivery.
Cardiogenic shock
A contorted position of the hand or foot in which the fingers or toes flex in a claw like manner; may result from hyperventilation or hypocalcemia.
Carpopedal spasm
The immune process by which T-cell lymphocytes recognize antigens and then secrete cytokines (specifically lymphokines) that attract other cells or stimulate the production of cytotoxic cells that kill the infected cells.
Cell-mediated immunity
A type of shock caused by central pump failure, including cardiogenic shock and obstructive shock.
Central shock
Components of the activated complement system that attract leukocytes from the circulation to help fight infections.
Chemotaxins
The movement of additional white blood cells to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators, such as neutrophils, injured tissue, and monocytes.
Chemotaxis
The system that forms blood clots in the body and facilitates repairs to the vascular tree.
Coagulation system
A group of plasma proteins whose function is to do one of three things: attract leukocytes to sites of inflammation, activate leukocytes, and directly destroy cells.
Complement system
The products of cells that affect the function of other cells.
Cytokines
The type of shock caused by widespread dilation of the resistance vessels (small arterioles), the capacitance vessels (small venules), or both.
Distributive shock
An alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells.
Dysplasia
Swelling caused by excessive fluid trapped in the body tissues
Edema
A whitish, filamentous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen; the protein that polymerizes (bonds) to form the fibrous component of a blood clot.
Fibrin
The breakdown of fibrin in blood clots and the prevention of the polymerization of fibrin into new clots.
General adaptation syndrome
A reaction of bacteria to a Gram stain in which the bacteria do not retain the dark purple stain; this type of bacteria has cell walls that consist largely of lipids, and have pathogenic qualities that make them especially problematic for humans.
Gram-negative
A reaction of bacteria to a Gram stain in which the bacteria retain the dark purple stain; this type of bacteria has thick cell walls composed of many layers.
Gram-positive
A substance that normally does not stimulate an immune response but can be combined with an antigen and at a later point initiate an antibody response.
Hapten
A type of T lymphocyte that is involved in cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses. It secretes cytokines that stimulate the B cells and other T cells.
Helper T cell
An inherited disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs and stores it in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.
Hemochromatosis
A disease characterized by increased destruction of the red blood cells. It can occur from an Rh factor reaction (primarily in Rh-positive neonates born to sensitized Rh-negative mothers), exposure to chemicals, or a disorder of the immune system.
Hemolytic anemia
An inherited sex-linked disorder characterized by excessive bleeding.
Hemophilia
A vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation.
Histamine
A type of immunity in which B-cell lymphocytes produce antibodies called immunoglobulins which recognize a specific antigen and then react with it.
Humoral immunity
An elevated blood calcium level
Hypercalcemia
An elevated blood cholesterol level
Hypercholesterlomia
An elevated serum potassium level
Hyperkalemia
An increased serum magnesium
Hypermagnesemia
A serum sodium level greater than or equal to 143 mEq/L
Hypernatremia
An elevated serum phosphate level
Hyperphosphatemia
An increase in the actual number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in an increase in the size of the organ or tissue.
Hyperplasia
A generic term for responses of the body to a substance to which a patient has increased sensitivity.
Hypersensitivity
An increase in the size of the cells due to synthesis of more sub cellular components, leading to an increase in tissue and organ size.
Hypertrophy
A decreased serum calcium level
Hypocalcemia
A decreased serum potassium level
Hypokalemia
A decreased serum magnesium level
Hypomagnesemia
A serum sodium level that is less than or equal to 135 mEq/L
Hyponatremia
A condition that occurs when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below that needed to maintain normal cellular functions.
Hypoperfusion
A decreased serum phosphate level
Hypophosphatemia
A major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress. It is the mechanism for a set of interactions among glands, hormones, and parts of the midbrain that mediate the general adaptation syndrome .
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
A condition that occurs when the circulating blood volume is inadequate to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body.
Hypovolemic shock
The body’s defense reaction to any substance that is recognized as foreign.
Immune response
The body system that includes all of the structures and processes designed to mount a defense against foreign substances and disease-causing agents.
Immune system
An abnormal condition in which some part of the body’s immune system is inadequate, and consequently, resistance to infectious disease is decreased.
Immunodeficiency
An antigen that is capable of generating an immune response.
Immunogen
Antibodies secreted by the B cells.
Immunoglobulins
The number of cases of a disease in a population.
Incidence
A reaction by tissues of the body to irritation or injury, characterized by pain, swelling, redness, and heat.
Inflammatory response
A protein produced by cells in response to viral invasion that is released into the blood stream or intercellular fluid to induce healthy cells to manufacture an enzyme that counter the infection.
Interferon
Chemical substances that attract white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasions.
Interleukins
The formation of antibodies or T cells that are directed against antigens or another person’s cells
Isoimmunity
An acidotic state created by the production of ketones via fat metabolism
Ketoacidosis
Acidic by-products of fat metabolism
Ketones
The cells released during a type IV allergic reaction that kill antigen-bearing target cells.
Killer T cells
A group of polypeptides that mediate inflammatory responses by stimulating visceral smooth muscle and relaxing vascular smooth muscles to produce vasodilation.
Kinin system
Anaerobic cellular respiration due to hypoperfusion of tissues and organs
Lactic acidosis
An elevated white blood cell count, often due to inflammation.
Leukocytosis
Arachidonic acid metabolites that function as chemical mediators of inflammation; also known as slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis.
Leukotrienes
Cytokines released by lymphocytes, including many of the interleukins, gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor beta, and chemokines.
Lymphokines
The loss of fluid from the blood vessels into the tissue, causing the blood left in the vessels to have increased viscosity, which in turn slows the flow of blood and produces stasis.
Margination
Molecules that insert themselves into the bacterial membrane, leading to weakened areas in the membrane.
Membrane attack complex
A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by an accumulation of acids in the body from a metabolic cause.
Metabolic acidosis
A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of greater than 7.45 and caused by an accumulation of bases in the body from a metabolic cause.
Metabolic alkalosis
A reversible, cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.
Metaplasia
Number of nonfatally injured or disabled people; usually expressed as a rate, meaning the number of nonfatal injuries in a certain population in a given time period divided by the size of the population.
Morbidity
An excessively unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of greater than or equal to 40 kg/ m2.
Morbid obesity
The quality of being mortal; number of deaths from a disease in a given population.
Mortality
A grave but sometimes reversible condition in an acutely ill patient characterized by the progressive dysfunction of two or more organs or organ systems not affected by the patient’s initial illness or injury.
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
A nonspecific cellular and humoral response that operates as the body’s first line of defense against pathogens; also called native immunity.
Natural immunity
The death of tissue, usually caused by a cessation of the blood supply.
Necrosis
A type of shock that usually results from spinal cord injury; loss of normal sympathetic nervous system tone and vasodilation occur.
Neurogenic shock
An unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of greater than or equal to 30 kg/ m2
Obesity
The type of shock that occurs when blood flow to the heart or great vessels is obstructed.
Obstructive shock
Decreased urine output
Oliguria
The process by which an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells.
Opsonization
An unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/ m2
Overweight
The study of the physiology of altered functioning in the presence of disease
Pathophysiology
The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the cells, organs, and tissues of the body; also involves the removal of wastes.
Perfusion
The impairment of diastolic filing of the right ventricle due to significant amounts of fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, leading to a decrease in the cardiac output.
Pericardial tamponade
Shock caused by peripheral circulatory abnormalities; includes hypovolemic shock.
Peripheral shock
The cells that engulf and consume foreign material such as microorganisms and debris.
Phagocytes
The type of white blood cells formed by bone marrow tissue that have a nucleus consisting of several parts or lobes connected by fine strands.
Polymorhphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
Frequent and plentiful urination.
Polyuria
The number of cases of a disease in a specific population within a given period.
Prevalence
A group of lipids that act as chemical messengers.
Prostaglandins
Chemicals or proteins that travel to the brain and affect the hypothalamus and stimulate a rise in the body’s core temperature.
Pyrogens
A specialized area in tissue that initiates certain actions after specific stimulation.
Receptor
A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by an accumulation of acids in the body from a respiratory cause.
Respiratory acidosis
A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of more than 7.45 and caused by an accumulation of bases in the body from a respiratory cause.
Respiratory alkalosis
The type of shock that occurs as a result of widespread infection, usually bacterial; untreated, the result is multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and often death.
Septic shock
A vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability to cause vasodilation.
Serotonin
A condition in which antigen-antibody complexes formed in the bloodstream deposit in sites around the body, most notably the kidneys, with resultant inflammatory reactions.
Serum sickness
The polymorphonuclear neutrophils permeate through the vessel wall, moving into the interstitial space.
Transmigration (diapedesis)
Multiple small, raised areas on the skin that may be one of the warning signs of impending anaphylaxis; also known as hives.
Urticaria
An inflammation of the blood vessels.
Vasculitis
Substances such as histamine and serotonin that increase vascular permeability.
Vasoactive amines
A measure of the disease-causing ability of a microorganism.
Virulence
