Chapter 9 Part 2: Hydrocarbons from petroleum:

Question 1

What is fractional distillation, or fractionation?

Answer 1

A technological processes in which the components of crude oil are physically separated by means of their differences in boiling points.

Question 2

What is refining?

Answer 2

Technology that includes physical and chemical processes for separating complex mixtures into simpler mixtures or near-pure components.

Question 3

What is a fossil fuel?

Answer 3

An energy source believed to be the accumulated remains of plants and animals from past geologic periods.

Question 4

What are some examples of fossil fuels?

Answer 4

Natural gas (CH4), coalbed methane, crude oil, heavy oil, oil sands (bitumen), and coal. Look into all. Know uses/processing necessary?

Question 5

What should you do as you read textbook, watch videos, go through homework, and d2l worksheets?

Answer 5

Improve your flashcards.

Question 6

What is cracking?

Answer 6

An industrial, chemical process in which larger molecules are broken down at high temperature, with or without catalysts, to produce smaller molecules. Example: ‘Cracking’ ethane (also known as dehydrogenation) is when two hydrogen atoms are removed from an ethane molecule to convert it to ethene.

Question 7

What is another name for natural/refined gas, and what is it?

Answer 7

Sweet natural gas. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons (mainly ch4) which has had water, liquid hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide (sour), and CO2 removed from it.

Question 8

What is an important step before cracking?

Answer 8

To ensure the incoming gas is very pure by removing impurities such as carbon dioxide. This decreases the amount of side reactions.

Question 9

What are two common examples of physical separation?

Answer 9

Condensation and distillation.

Question 10

What are two common examples of chemical separation?

Answer 10

Hydrocracking and catalytic reforming.

Question 11

What is implied when talking about a ‘fraction’?

Answer 11

A product in the fractionation process, identified by its boiling-point range or by the approximate number of carbons atoms in the component molecules.

Question 12

What is a fractionation tower?

Answer 12

Search, watch, explain.

Question 13

What is a solvent extraction?

Answer 13

A process in which a solvent is added to selectively dissolve and remove part of a mixture (based on solubility). Polar solvent dissolves polar, non-polar non-polar.

Question 14

What should you remember as you’re getting familiar with your flashcards?

Answer 14

Keep the right mindset. Don’t look to know for the sake of knowing, and remember that you must be able to APPLY all this knowledge when given their applications.

Question 15

What is cracking, when it is accomplished using only high temperatures and pressures? Why was this process not utilized as much today?

Answer 15

Thermal cracking. It is effective but it is inefficient as it produces large quantities of solid coke (carbon), an unwanted product.

Question 16

What is catalytic cracking?

Answer 16

A process which breaks apart larger molecules, but the presence of a catalyst, along with less severe reaction conditions, produces more desirable fractions and less residual materials such as tar, asphalt, and coke.

Question 17

What is hydrocracking?

Answer 17

A technological process involving a combination of catalytic cracking and hydrogenation that is used to reduce heavier feedstocks to, for example gasoline-type molecules. No coke (carbon) produced.

Question 18

What is catalytic reforming?

Answer 18

The chemical process involved in converting molecules in a naphtha (gasoline) fraction into aromatic gasoline molecules. These aromatic molecules have better burning properties than the original aliphatic (non-aromatic) molecules. Why?

Question 19

What is alkylation, or isomerization?

Answer 19

Converting a molecule into a branched isomer.

Question 20

What is a basic outline for a catalytic cracking reaction?

Answer 20

Larger molecules> smaller molecules + carbon

Question 21

Basic outline for hydrocracking reaction:

Answer 21

Larger molecule + hydrogen> smaller molecules

Question 22

Basic outline for catalytic reforming:

Answer 22

Aliphatic molecule > aromatic molecule + hydrogen

Question 23

Basic outline for alkylation (isomerization):

Answer 23

Aliphatic molecule> more branched isomer

Question 24

What is complete combustion?

Answer 24

When a hydrocarbon (fuel) reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour as the only chemical products.

Question 25

What is incomplete combustion?

Answer 25

Incomplete combustion is a reaction between oxygen and fuel but the products are carbon monoxide, water and carbon. Eg: 4CH4 + 5O2→ 2CO + 8H2O + 2C. • Incomplete combustion occurs when a combustion reaction occurs without a sufficient supply of oxygen.

Question 26

What is the flame colour in complete combustion?

Answer 26

Blue.

Question 27

What is the flame colour in incomplete combustion?

Answer 27

Yellow/Orange.

Question 28

What is the environmental impact of complete combustion?

Answer 28

Global warming from CO2 emmissions.

Question 29

What is the environmental impact of incomplete combustion?

Answer 29

Pollution from carbon monoxide and smoke. soot?

Question 30

Does complete or incomplete combustion produce smoke?

Answer 30

Incomplete combustion produces smoke. In complete combustion, everything is burnt and carbon dioxide and water vapour are the only products. CO2 no produce smoke?

Question 31

What is a general outline for a complete combustion reaction?

Answer 31

Hydrocarbon + (excess/sufficient) O2 > CO2 + H2O

Question 32

General outline for incomplete reaction?

Answer 32

Hydrocarbon+ (insufficient) O2 > xC(s) + yCO (g) +zCO2 (g) + H2O (g). Ratio of x:y:z depends on amount of O2 available (more oxygen available leads to increase proportion of complete combustion rxns that take place).

Question 33

What to ask mrs.Hucman?

Answer 33

If you can see quiz on last day, so you have reminder of how to draw.

Question 34

What to remember?

Answer 34

Study labs

Question 35

What do you get to do if you finish all hmwk and d2l worksheets?

Answer 35

Chapter Review (s)

Question 36

What does it mean to be volatile?

Answer 36

You are easily evaporated. Implies an entity has a low boiling point.

Question 37

How do you determine if something is a liquid or solid at SATP?

Answer 37

If an entity has a boiling point above 25 degrees celsius, it is solid or liquid at SATP.

Question 38

Why is crude oil classified/separated on basis of viscosity, hydrocarbon composition, and sulfur content?

Answer 38

Because the properties of crude oil give it different uses.

Question 39

In a fractionation tower, where are the smallest molecules found, and why?

Answer 39

Near the top, in the cooler fractions because smaller molecules have weaker London dispersion forces (less e-) and have consequently lower boiling points.

Question 40

What to remember about complete and incomplete combustion?

Answer 40

All 3 types of combustion occur simultaneously, but in different proportions. An excess of oxygen increases the proportion of complete combustion, but does NOT guarantee that only complete combustion takes place.

Question 41

What are oxygenators?

Answer 41

When alcohols are added to gasoline to provide additional oxygen to the combustion reaction. This reduces emissions (less CO(g) and C(s)/soot) by increasing the proportion of complete combustion rxns.

Question 42

What to study for final?

Answer 42

Look over unit reviews in d2l notes. Study all labs after going over theory for each unit. 11.3 very important. See old unit tests, quizzes, and closed quizzes.