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Chemistry 30 AP > Chapter 10: HBns Derivatives, organic rxns, and petrochemicals: > Flashcards

Chapter 10: HBns Derivatives, organic rxns, and petrochemicals: Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon derivative?

A

Molecular compounds of carbon, usually hydrogen, and at least one other element.

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2
Q

What are organic halides?

A

Organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen (group 17) atoms. The functional group for organic halides is the halogen atom.

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3
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A characteristic arrangement of atoms within a molecule that determines the most important chemical and physical properties of a class of compounds.

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4
Q

What should you do as you read through textbook, d2l notes, worksheets, watch videos, AND STUDY/FIX LABS?

A

Improve your notes.

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5
Q

What are addition reactions?

A

A type of organic reaction of unsaturated hydrocarbons in which a small molecule is added to the double or triple bond. Usually happens in the presence of a catalyst.

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6
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

An organic reaction that involve breaking a carbon-hydrogen bond in an alkane or aromatic ring and replacing the hydrogen atom with another atom or group of atoms. These rxns occur slowly at room temperature because they lack E (remember that saturated compounds and aromatics are more stable, and don’t tend to react easily with small diatomics unlike alkenes/ynes). Electromagnetic radiation (light) is often necessary for substitution rxns to occur at a noticeable rate.

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7
Q

What are the properties of Organic Halides in terms of polarity?

A

They may be polar or nonpolar, or have a nonpolar (hydrocarbon) end and a polar (halide) end. Have higher boiling points than similar hydrocarbons. Have very low solubility in water but higher solubility (especially for small molecules) than similar hydrocarbons. Are typically good solvents for organic materials such as fats, oils, waxes, gums, resins, and rubber.

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8
Q

What is an alcohol?

A

An organic compound containing one or more hydroxyl (-OH) group as the functional group.

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9
Q

What is a primary (1^o) alcohol?

A

The carbon atom carrying the -OH group is bonded to one other carbon atom.

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10
Q

What is a secondary (2^o) alcohol?

A

The carbon atom carrying the -OH group is bonded to two other carbon atoms.

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11
Q

What is a tertiary (3^o) alcohol?

A

The carbon atom carrying the -OH group is bonded to three other carbon atoms.

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12
Q

What are polyalcohols?

A

Alcohols that contain more than one hydroxyl group.

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13
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

An organic reaction that involves the removal of atoms and/or groups of atoms from adjacent carbon atoms in an organic molecule (ex:Removal of H2O from an alcohol/dehydration).

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14
Q

What is Dehydrohalogenation?

A

An elimination reaction that involves the removal of hydrogen and halogen atoms. The reaction involves hydroxide (OH-) being added to an organic halide, and an alkene, water, and a halogen ION are the products.

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15
Q

What is the photosynthesis reaction?

A

6CO2 + 6H20 + (light E) → C6H12O6 + 6O2 . How?

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16
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O.

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17
Q

What should you remember to do during summer?

A

STUDY Bio 20/30, and review things from classes you’re going to take.

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18
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

An organic compound that contains the carboxyl group (-COOH) as the functional group.

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19
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

An organic reaction in which two smaller molecules (one of which is usually? a carboxylic acid) combine to form a larger molecule, along with a small molecule such as water.

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20
Q

What is an ester?

A

A family of organic compounds characterized by the ester functional group (-COO-), formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

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21
Q

What is an esterification reaction?

A

A condensation reaction in which a carboxylic acid and an alcohol combine to produce an ester and water.

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22
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule made by linking together many smaller molecules called monomers.

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23
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A small molecule that links with many other similar molecules, in an addition or a condensation reaction, to form a polymer.

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24
Q

What is polymerization?

A

The formation of polymers from the reaction of monomer sub-units.

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25
Q

What is addition polymerization?

A

A reaction in which many unsaturated monomer units with double or triple bonds join together, involving addition reactions. The compounds keep their name, including the -ene, and only have poly added to the start of their names even though they are alkanes (Go from double bond to single bonds as they connect).

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26
Q

What to do for extra studying?

A

Learning outcomes, samplars, released diplomas.

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27
Q

What is condensation polymerization?

A

A reaction that involves the removal of a small molecule from the functional groups of two different monomer molecules to form a condensation polymer.

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28
Q

What is a polyester?

A

A polymer in which the monomers- one with two carboxyl groups (-COOH) and one with two alcohol groups (-OH), react to form ester linkages (-COO-).

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29
Q

What is a polyamide?

A

A polymer in which the monomers- one with two carboxyl groups (-COOH) and one with two amine groups (NH?), react to form amide linkages (-CONH-).

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30
Q

What are biopolymers?

A

Polymers naturally made. Example: DNA and proteins.

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31
Q

What do you get to do night before test if you’ve finished all D2l hmwk and worksheets?

A

Chapter Review (s)

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32
Q

What is petrochemical feedstock?

A

A variety of chemical substances used in the chemical process to produce petrochemicals (chemicals produced from petroleum). Taken from natural gas and crude oil.

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33
Q

What are the main petrochemical feedstocks derived from natural gas?

A

Methane, ethane, propane, and butane.

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34
Q

What are the main feedstocks from crude oil?

A

Naphta? and gas oil.

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35
Q

How are hydrocarbon feedstocks converted to petrochemicals?

A

Through organic reactions.

36
Q

What is another name for ethanoic acid/CH3COOH?

A

Acetic acid.

37
Q

What is another name for ethene/C2H4?

A

Ethylene.

38
Q

What is another name for propene/C3H6?

A

Propylene.

39
Q

How are fossil fuels used, percentage-wise?

A

95% of fossil fuels are burnt, 5% of fossil fuels are used to produce petrochemicals.

40
Q

What is one of the most important petrochemicals, how is it made, and what is its used?

A

Ethene (ethylene) is one of the most important petrochemicals. It is produced by cracking ethane that is extracted from natural gas, and converted into many other petrochemicals through chemical reactions.

41
Q

What are the properties of Organic Halides, in terms of boiling point?

A

They have higher boiling points than similar hydrocarbons.

42
Q

What are the properties of Organic Halides, in terms of solubility?

A

They have very low solubility in water but higher solubility (especially for small molecules) than similar hydrocarbons.

43
Q

What are Organic Halides good solvents of?

A

They are typically good solvents for organic materials such as fats, oils, waxes, gums, resins, and rubber.

44
Q

What does benzene require to react with a diatomic?

A

Light, and sometimes a catalyst (ex: FeCL3).

45
Q

What differentiates alcohols from hydrocarbons with the same # of carbon atoms?

A

They have high solubility in water (polar), and are less polluting when burnt (higher proportion of complete combustion). They also have higher boiling points/are less volatile due to their hydrogen bonds (-OH).

46
Q

Are alcohols miscible with polar or non-polar compounds?

A

Alcohols can mix with both polar and nonpolar substances because they have both polar (-OH) and non-polar parts.

47
Q

What differentiates short-chain and long-chain alcohols?

A

Shorter-chain alcohols are very soluble in water because there are less C atoms, and consequently less nonpolar CH bonds in the compound.

48
Q

What to remember to classify as organic compounds?

A

Hydrocarbon cyanides (NOT element cyanides:xNACN): Example: CH3CN= organic. Also fully halogenated hydrocarbons (NOT CARBIDES:xCaC2): CCl4= organic.

49
Q

What to look into and practice?

A

Retro synthesis.

50
Q

What to ask mrs.Hucman?

A

Know uses of fossil fuels and common industry organic compounds like methanol and ethene?

51
Q

What to remember when naming polyalcohols?

A

That you use same prefixes (di/tri/tetra,…) as you do for multiple alkane/phenyl groups, and THEY MUST HAVE ANE- NOT AN-. Example: propane-1,2-diol.

52
Q

What are the simplest examples of cyclic alcohols?

A

Cyclohexanol/C6H11OH(l) and phenol/C6H5OH(s) (aromatic alcohol).

53
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

An organic reaction that involves the removal of atoms and/or groups of atoms from adjacent carbon atoms in an organic molecule (ex: Removal of H20 from alcohol aka dehydration).

54
Q

How are alcohols prepared?

A

Alkenes + water > alcohols (-H and -OH fill double bond)

55
Q

What is the outline of 2 common elimination reactions?

A

Alcohols> alkenes + water (dehydration) and organic halides + OH- > alkenes + halide ion + water.

56
Q

What to do night before test?

A

Read through 10.4/10.5 to see anything you might have missed. Then 10.3 and so on if time.

57
Q

What to look at after studying?

A

Go over d2l study worksheets, and past lesson notes.

58
Q

What to study during weekend?

A

Besides math/chem ofc, search TFA analysis videos (especially w/ okonkwo and obierka focus), memorize key quotes, and prepare outlines from sheet of past diploma questions (also look at exemplars online).

59
Q

What are naphtha?

A

Flammable oils containing various hydrocarbons, made from distilling petroleum.

60
Q

What catalyst does an organic halide need to go through elimination?

A

A strong base (ex:NaOH)

61
Q

What catalyst does an alkene need to undergo hydration (alkene + H-OH)?

A

H+ (an acid).

62
Q

What becomes of polymerized alkenes?

A

All polymerized alkenes are alkanes.

63
Q

What must monomers in condensation reactions have?

A

Functional groups on both ends. If they don’t, a large molecule is produced, but not a polymer????????.

64
Q

What is a functional analog?

A

Chemical compounds with different structures but similar chemical and physical properties, thus having similar functions.

65
Q

What is a structural analog?

A

Chemical compounds that have similar structure but different functions.

66
Q

Where is the OH and H at the end of polyester?

A

H from diol and OH from diacid.

67
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

68
Q

What are the conditions of an esterification reaction (type of condensation reaction)?

A

A S.A catalyst (ex:H2SO4) and heat is necessary.

69
Q

What not to forget when naming compounds that have more than 1 halogen?

A

Di/tri/tetra still prefixes (ex:CF4 is tetrafluoromethane).

70
Q

What is ethene more commonly known as?

A

Ethylene.

71
Q

What is ethyne more commonly known as?

A

Acetylene.

72
Q

What are some general properties of carboxylic acids?

A

They turn blue litmus red, the smaller acids are liquids, while the ones with at least 2 carboxyl functional groups are solids.

73
Q

How do carboxylic acids compare with alcohols?

A

Carboxylic acids are more soluble, have higher boiling points because the carboxyl functional group is more polar than the hydroxyl functional group, and it has more locations for possible hydrogen bonding.

74
Q

What type of acids are carboxylic acids?

A

Primary acids (double-bonded to O and single to OH).

75
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

Carbon double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

76
Q

How to find out what alcohol + carboxylic acid made an ester?

A

Break it in half at oxygens, carbonyl group is part of acid, singlebonded O was part of alcohol, add OH to acid and H to alcohol.

77
Q

What is the priority order for functional groups?

A

Carboxylic acids>esters>alcohols>alkenes>alkynes>halides>

78
Q

What is the relationship between structural isomers and boiling points?

A

Straight-chain isomers have higher boiling points than their branched isomers. Branching reduces the surface area between the molecules, and renders mutual attraction less effective (LDF).

79
Q

Why is benzoic acid insoluble in water?

A

Even though it contains the carboxyl group, benzoic acid is insoluble in water because it contains the non-polar benzene ring, which water can’t break down.

80
Q

What is the order of solubility for hydrocarbons?

A

Ask mrs.hucman between alkanes and benzene.

81
Q

What type of reaction is a condensation polymerization reaction?

A

A repeated elimination reaction (small molecule comes off each time 2 distinct monomers combine).

82
Q

How is solubility affected by branching?

A

It increases because less surface area is covered by the non-polar parts of the molecule.

83
Q

How do you find the name of the monomer unit from a diagram?

A

Draw a line between 2 or 3 carbons and try to find unit that repeats completely until the end. Remember they are usually ethene derivatives, and were initially unsaturated (had double bond- watch naming).

84
Q

What are the characteristics of compounds that are found near the top of a fractionation tower?

A

They have low boiling point/are very volatile, flow easily, and ignite easily.

85
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A polymer made up of amino acid monomers joined with peptide (-CONH-) linkages; A protein is a polypeptide that is more than 50 amino acids long.

86
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

An organic molecule that contains an amino (NH2) and carboxyl group. In amino acid condensation polymerization, they both lose H from amino (NH2) group and OH from carboxyl group (forms nH20), then combine through CONH linkage.

87
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

(-CONH-)

Chemistry 30 AP (9 decks)

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