Chapter 9 part 1: Organic Chemistry Intro:

Question 1

What should you go over?

Answer 1

All concepts in ‘Are you ready’ pg.355

Question 2

What is organic chemistry?

Answer 2

A branch of chemistry that deals with compounds of carbon, excluding oxides and ionic compounds of carbon-based ions such as carbonate, cyanides OF ELEMENTS, and carbide ions.

Question 3

What should you do with concepts you don’t fully grasp?

Answer 3

Can’t just memorize, research online until you understand the WHYs and HOWs.

Question 4

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 4

Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Question 5

What should you do when you have time?

Answer 5

Read through textbook, sidebars. Do all sample problems and write in notebook.

Question 6

What are alkanes?

Answer 6

Part of family of hydrocarbons whose molecules only contain carbon-carbon single bonds; General formula is CnH2n+2.

Question 7

What are alkenes?

Answer 7

Part of family of hydrocarbons with one or more carbon double bonds; General formula is CnH2n.

Question 8

What are alkynes?

Answer 8

Part of family of hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds; General formula is CnH2n-2.

Question 9

What should you look through and study?

Answer 9

Labs, learning outcomes, d2l worksheets, and exemplars.

Question 10

What is a homologous series?

Answer 10

A series of compounds, with similar structures (since same general formula) in which each member differs by a constant unit. Alkanes are an example of this (differ by ch2).

Question 11

What are saturated hydrocarbons?

Answer 11

A compound of carbon and hydrogen whose molecules contain only single bonds. why? Alkanes are an example of this.

Question 12

How do you name an alkane?

Answer 12

The first syllable of an alkane is a prefix that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Memorize/make cards for prefixes pg.366.

Question 13

What are structural isomers?

Answer 13

A compound with the same molecular formula but with a different structure as another compound.

Question 14

What is an alkyl branch?

Answer 14

A group of atoms, consisting of only singly bonded carbon and hydrogen, that is not part of the main structure of the molecule. -yl instead of -ane, front of name.

Question 15

What is a branch?

Answer 15

Any group of atoms that is not part of the main structure of the molecule. -yl suffix, at front of compound name.

Question 16

What process should you make cards of?

Answer 16

Naming branched alkanes and drawing from formulas pg.368/9.

Question 17

What is a cycloalkane?

Answer 17

A cyclic hydrocarbon (molecules have a closed ring structure) in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds; general formula CnH2n. They are named by placing the prefix cyclo in front of the alkane name.

Question 18

What are line structural formulas?

Answer 18

You show position of carbon atoms as intersections and end of bonding lines, but you do not show hydrogen atoms.

Question 19

What is an unsaturated compound?

Answer 19

An organic compound containing double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. They contain fewer hydrogen atoms than compounds with carbon-carbon single bonds. They react readily (usually in presence of catalyst) with small diatomic molecules, such as hydrogen (called an addition reaction).

Question 20

What is hydrogenation?

Answer 20

An addition reaction in which enough hydrogen is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to reduce the number of multiple bonds so that it becomes saturated.

Question 21

How do you convert an alkyne to an alkane?

Answer 21

An excess of addition of hydrogen is necessary.

Question 22

How many double/triple bonds to saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) contain?

Answer 22

NONE.

Question 23

How does naming of alkenes differ from alkanes?

Answer 23

Same prefixes, but ends in -ene instead of -ane. Longest/parent chain must contain the multiple bond, and the chain is numbered from the end closest to multiple bond. Number that indicates position of multiple bond is between prefix and suffix of parent chain (ex:but-1-ene).

Question 24

How does naming of alkynes differ from alkanes?

Answer 24

Same prefixes, but end in -yne. Longest/parent chain must contain the multiple bond, and the chain is numbered from the end closest to multiple bond. Number that indicates position of multiple bond is between prefix and suffix of parent chain (ex:but-1-yne).

Question 25

What are cycloalkenes?

Answer 25

A cyclic hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Question 26

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?

Answer 26

A class of hydrocarbons including straight or branched chains or rings of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, but not aromatics.

Question 27

What should you do as you start to get through this chapter?

Answer 27

Improve your flashcards.

Question 28

What are aromatics?

Answer 28

An organic compound with a structure based on benzene or a benzene-like ring.

Question 29

What is an organic compound?

Answer 29

Any chemical compound that contains carbon.

Question 30

What is a phenyl group?

Answer 30

A benzene ring attached as a branch of a parent chain.

Question 31

What to look for as reference point for naming alkanes?

Answer 31

Look for longest continuous carbon chain in their structure (INCLUDING GOING SIDEWAYS).

Question 32

How to determine number of hydrogen atoms when drawing structures?

Answer 32

Give enough hydrogens to each carbon so that it has 4 bonds.

Question 33

Why is saturated fat bad for you?

Answer 33

Because saturated hydrocarbons contain no pi bonds (only found in double/triple bonds), they are extremely stable, and hard for your body to break down.

Question 34

What is the simplest cyclic hydrocarbon?

Answer 34

Cyclopropane. You can’t have a closed structure with 1 or 2 carbons.

Question 35

What is another name for natural/refined gas, and what is it?

Answer 35

Sweet natural gas. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons (mainly ch4) which has had water, liquid hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide (sour), and CO2 removed from it.

Question 36

Which compounds can have structural isomers?

Answer 36

Compounds with more than 3 carbons. Meth-, eth-, and prop- compounds have only 1 possible structure.

Question 37

What is the ˋparent chain‘ of a molecule structure?

Answer 37

The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.

Question 38

What is another name for branches?

Answer 38

Substitution groups (since these branches replace hydrogen).

Question 39

What should you remember when naming branched structures?

Answer 39

To number the carbons (on parent chain) so that the branches have the lowest possible numbers (for their location). Also when identifying parent chain, look for longest C chain you can make without having to go back (turns allowed). If a seeming ‘branch’ is part of the longest chain, it is not mentioned as a separate part of the compound (instead its C atoms are counted when finding parent chain name).

Question 40

What is the simplest alkene?

Answer 40

Ethene/C2H4(g), more commonly known as ethylene.

Question 41

What is the relationship between alkenes and cycloalkanes?

Answer 41

They both have the same general formula (CnH2n), and therefore cycloalkanes are isomers of alkenes. Cycloalkanes have this general formula because 2 hydrogens at end of carbon line are lost to make closed structure.

Question 42

What is the simplest alkyne?

Answer 42

Ethyne/C2H2(g), more commonly known as acetylene.

Question 43

What does a bond higher than a single bond imply?

Answer 43

That 2 hydrogens are missing for each bond above 1.

Question 44

What is the relationship between cycloalkenes and alkynes?

Answer 44

They both have the same general formula (CnH2n-2). Cycloalkenes are isomers of alkynes because of this fact (implies 2 end hydrogens were lost to make closed structure).

Question 45

What affects the chemical and physical properties of a compound?

Answer 45

Its polarity, whether it has double or triple bonds, and the location of these special bonds.

Question 46

How do you draw cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes?

Answer 46

The numbering of carbon atoms starts at the one BEFORE the double/triple bond, and the rotation direction is still to get lowest number for branches.

Question 47

What is an important step before cracking?

Answer 47

To ensure the incoming gas is very pure by removing impurities such as carbon dioxide. This decreases the amount of side reactions.

Question 48

What is the difference between alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, in terms of reactivity?

Answer 48

Alkanes are the most stable (least reactive) because electrons have a less inconsistent location, making them harder to attack. Search more after. Alkynes (triple bond) are the most reactive of the three.

Question 49

What is the most accurate structural formula to depict the benzene molecule?

Answer 49

The line structural formula showing a hexagon with a circle inside. The circle indicates that the 6 extra valence electrons are constantly moving around the molecule (shared by 6 C atoms), since they are unbonded.

Question 50

Does benzene contain double, or triple bonds?

Answer 50

Neither. There is no empirical support for the idea that benzene contains either double or triple bonds. Ex: It is very unreactive with hydrogen (double/triple bond compounds can usually react with small diatomic molecules).

Question 51

What to remember when naming aromatics?

Answer 51

Numbering starts at one of the branches and goes clockwise or counterclockwise to obtain lowest possible pair of numbers.

Question 52

How to get more questions right?

Answer 52

Slow down. You think too fast and make careless mistakes.

Question 53

Why are there more possible isomers of an alkene/yne than an alkane with the same number of atoms?

Answer 53

Because alkenes and alkynes also have different possible positions for their double/triple bonds.

Question 54

When is a benzene ring the parent ring?

Answer 54

If the alkyl group is small (less than 4 C atoms) AND not branched. If larger, OR branched, benzine becomes substituent known as phenyl.

Question 55

Why do alkanes have higher boiling points than an alkene/yne with the same amount of carbons?

Answer 55

Because alkanes contain more hydrogens than alkenes/ynes, and consequently more electrons.

Question 56

Why do polar molecules have higher boiling points than non-polar molecules?

Answer 56

Because polar molecules have strong dipole-dipole forces added on basic LDFs and take even more energy to break down. Remember HB (F-O-N) bonds are still strongest.