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Psychology 475: Human Neuropsychology > Chapter 9: Organization of the Motor System > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Organization of the Motor System Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the steps of the nervous system when picking up a cup

A
  • visual information required to locate target
  • frontal-lobe motor areas plant the reach and command the movements
  • the spinal cord carries the info to the hand
  • motor neurons carry message to muscles of hand and forearm
  • sensory receptors in the fingers send a message to the sensory cortex saying that the cup has been grasped
  • the spinal cord carry sensory info to brain
  • basal ganglia judge grasp forces cerebellum corrects movement errors
  • the sensory cortex receives the message that the cup has been grasped
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2
Q

What are the major region of the motor system that participate in all movements?

A
  • neocortex (parietal and frontal cortex) for planning and commanding
  • brainstem and spinal cord for movements
  • motor neurons
  • cerebellum (accuracy)
  • basal ganglia (force )
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3
Q

What are the four neocortical regions central to our initiating movement?

A
  1. parietal cortex
  2. prefrontal cortex
  3. premotor cortex
  4. motor cortex
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4
Q

What does the parietal cortex do for movement

A
  • the parietal cortex receives and integrates sensory information and initiates movements
  • vision, touch and hearing
  • the parietal cortex sends goals
  • it is brodmanns areas 5 and 7
  • online and offline movements
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5
Q

What are online movements?

A
  • actions made in direct response to sensory info

- done by parietal cortex

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6
Q

What are offline movements

A
  • actions mediated by perception

- done by the parietal cortex

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7
Q

What role does the prefrontal cortex play in initiating movements

A
  • the prefrontal cortex plans movements
  • Brodmanns areas 9,10,11,45,46,47
  • prefrontal cortex plans are based on previous experience as well as ongoing sensory input
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8
Q

What is the premotor cortex’s role in initiating movement

A
  • also called the supplementary motor cortex
  • BA 6 and 8
  • premotor cortex organizes movement sequences
  • making whole body movements, rhythmic movements (walking) and coordinated movement (using both hands)
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9
Q

What role does the motor cortex play in initiating movement

A
  • produces elementary movements
  • BA 4 or M1
  • chewing, bringing food to mouth, picking things up
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10
Q

What does hierarchical control of movements in the brain mean

A
  • as movements become more complex, more regions of the brain are involved
    Finger tap example
  • blood flow increases in the primary motor cortex parietal cortex when participants tap finger
  • the premotor cortex becomes involved when the participants perform a movement sequence
  • last the prefrontal, temporal and parietal cortex when ps use a finger to navigate a maze
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11
Q

What was Wilder Penfields findings

A
  • brief pulses of electrical stimulation to map the cortices of conscious human patients who were about to undergo neurosurgery
  • they found that most movements were mainly triggered by the stimulation of the precentral gyrus (BA4)
  • also contained evidence that movement can be produced by stimulating the dorsal part of the premotor cortex (BA6) also called the supplementary motor cortex
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12
Q

What is Penfield’s Motor Homunculus

A
  • homunculus= “little human” spread out across M1
  • because the body is symmetrical, each hemisphere contains an almost mirror-image representation of this homunculus
  • the secondary homunculus was used to summarize movements obtained from the supplementary cortex (premotor cortex)
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13
Q

Is Penfield’s Homunculus useful today?

A
  • remains useful for understanding the motor cortex’s topographical and functional organization
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14
Q

What are Ethological Movement Categories

A
  • experiment done in conscious monkeys using electrical stimulation, produced movements that the monkey might use everyday
    (ethology is the scientific study of animal behaviour under natural conditions)
  • primary motor cortex: hand in lower space, manipulating in central space, chewing, licking
  • premotor cortex: climbing, reaching to grasp, defense, hand to mouth
  • prefrontal cortex:
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15
Q

Are our movements learned or robotic

A
  • learned
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16
Q

what are mirror neurons?

A
  • neurons that reflect the movements made by others that we might make under similar circumstances
17
Q

What does the human core mirror neuron system respond to

A
  • transitive actions ( movements with a goal)

- includes Brocas area (BA 44) which is responsible for speech

18
Q

Symptoms of some disorders related to the mirror neuron system are?

A
  • the absence of empathy, the ability to see other points of view
  • occurs in ASD and may be related to mirror neuron system dysfunction
19
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia

A
  • a collection of subcortical nuclei in the forebrain
  • connects the motor cortex with the midbrain
  • connections the sensory regions of the neocortex with the motor cortex
  • the caudate putamen is a prominent structure of the basal ganglia , beneath the frontal cortex
20
Q

What are the 2 main sources the basal ganglia receives input

A
  1. the neocortex and limbic cortex (including the motor cortex)
  2. the Nigrostriatal Dopamine pathway from the substantia nigra
21
Q

What are the two pathways in the basal ganglia that modulate cortically produced movements

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
    - these two pathways converge on the internal part of the globus pallidus (GPi) then go to thalamus
    - if activity in the indirect pathway dominates the thalamus shuts down and the cortex cannot produce movement
    - if the direct pathway predominates the thalamus can become overactive amplifying movement
22
Q

What are the two kinds of movement disorder symptoms that can result from damage to the basal ganglia?

A
  1. Hyperkinetic Symptoms: damage to the caudate putamen create unwanted choreiform movements
  2. Hypokinetic Symptoms: of the cells of the basal ganglia are intact but the inputs are damaged the injury results in difficulty making movements
    - hyper and hype kinetic symptoms work like a volume dial where damage to the basal ganglia can cause movements to be too strong or weak
23
Q

What are Hyperkinetic Symptoms and what disorders are they associated with

A

Hyperkinetic Symptoms: damage to the caudate putamen create unwanted choreiform movements (twitching) called Dyskinesias
ex Huntington disease (genetic disorder) destroys caudate putamen cell and results in involuntary movements
ex tourettes syndrome

24
Q

What are Hypokinetic Symptoms and what disorders are they associated with

A

Hypokinetic Symptoms: if the cells of the basal ganglia are intact but the inputs are damaged the injury results in difficulty making movements

ex. parkinsons (voluntary movements)
- caused by the loss of dopamine cells from the substantia nigra and of their input into the basal ganglia via the nigrostriatal pathway
- muscular rigidity and difficulty initiating and performing movements

25
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia’s role in controlling emotional expression and cognitive function

A
  • Hypokinetic symptoms are frequently associated with blunted emotion
  • Hyperkinetic symptoms associated exaggerated emotion
26
Q

What is the primary role of the Cerebellum in motor learning?

A
  • acquiring and maintaining motor skills
  • timing and accuracy (timing movements so they are accurate)
  • grasping objects, targets
27
Q

Cerebellum Anatomoy

A
  • has 2 hemispheres (flocculus
  • contains 4x more neurons than the neocortex
  • the cerebellum is divided into several regions each specializing in a different aspect of motor control
  • midline areas of cerebellum associated with face and trunk of body
  • next section out associated with limb, hand, feet and digit movements
28
Q

Damage to the Cerebellum regarding movement

A

people with damage to the cerebellum show deficits in

  • they do not correct errors
  • lack moment - moment motor learning such as throwing a dart and getting closer with practice
29
Q

How does the Cerebellum correct errors?

A
  • by comparing the intended movement with the produced movement the cerebellum sends an error message to the cortex to improve the accuracy of the subsequent movement
  • same for mispronouncing and reading
  • after an attempt or a couple we can correct it
30
Q

Which tracts are involved in correcting movements

A
  • corticospinal tracts (to spinal cord) and spinocerebellar tract (cerebellum)

Psychology 475: Human Neuropsychology (8 decks)

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