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Psychology 475: Human Neuropsychology > Chapter 8: Organization of the Sensory systems > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Organization of the Sensory systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
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2
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex

A
  • the brains thin outer bark layer
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3
Q

What is a fissure?

A
  • deep clefts in the crinkled tissues on the brain
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4
Q

What is a Sulci?

A
  • cracks in the brain tissue

- ex. lateral and longitudinal fissures

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5
Q

What is a Gyri?

A
  • bumps on the brain tissue
  • ridges
  • fissure
  • ex. cingulate gyrus
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6
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A
  • connects the brains hemispheres

- largest fissure

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7
Q

How do we refer to the brain structures as oriented in the head relative to the body

A
  • dorsal
  • ventral
  • rostral
  • caudal
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8
Q

What view does a Coronal plane of section show?

A
  • frontal
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9
Q

What view does a horizontal plane of section show?

A

-dorsal view

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10
Q

What view does a horizontal plane of section show?

A
  • medial view
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11
Q

What are afferent pathways?

A
  • incoming sensory pathways
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12
Q

What are efferent pathways?

A
  • outgoing motor pathways
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13
Q

What are the four ways that the brain and spinal cord are protected ?

A
  1. The brain is encased in bone (skull and vertebrae)
  2. Within the bony case is a set of membranes (3 layers of menengies)
  3. cushioned with cerebral spinal fluid
  4. The blood brain barrier- which limits movement, protects the brain from injection of chemicals into the brain
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14
Q

What is the resting potential of an Action Potential?

A

(-70mV)

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15
Q

What Is the threshold potential for an Action Potential?

A

( -50mV)

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16
Q

What are the stages of an Action Potential?

A
  • resting potential
  • depolarization
  • re-polarization
  • hyper-polarization
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17
Q

What does Absolute Refractory mean?

A
  • the cell cannot and will not fire again
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18
Q

What does Relatively Refractory mean?

A
  • the cell can fire again with stimulation
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19
Q

What is Phantom Limb Pain?

A
  • patient D.S lost left arm
  • 11 years later D.S still felt the presence of his missing limb
  • these limbs feel normal in size, paralyzed, and very painful even tho there was no real limb.
  • Phantom sensations are common
  • D.S was treated using the mirror box illusion
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20
Q

What is the explanation of phantom limb pain?

A
  • explanation of phantom-limb sensations is that each part pf the body is represented in the brain, in the absence of sensory input from a milling limb, the brain’s limb representation can generate both spontaneous and learned sensations including pain that are experienced as phantoms
  • need to reorganize the somatosensory cortex in the brain
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21
Q

What is Apotemnophilia?

A
  • a disorder in which and individual desires to have a limb amputated
  • apparently abnormalities in the activity of the brains limb representation are perceived as foreign and unwanted
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22
Q

What is sensation?

A
  • changes in the sensory system in response to the environment (physical )
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23
Q

What is perception?

A
  • the interpretation of the changes
  • sensory receptors are sensitive to a particular stimulation in the environment and only respond to that specific part of the environment
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24
Q

What range of light can the human eye see?

A
  • about 400 (blue) to 700 (red) nanometer
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25
Q

What does it mean to be Color Deficient?

A
  • different from color- blind
  • these people lack one or more of three types of photoreceptors for color vision
  • red, blue, green or cones
26
Q

Gender differences in visual receptors

A
  • 60% of males have one form of the red receptor and 40% have another form.
  • red receptor gene is on the X chromosome and females have 2 X chromosomes , a female may have both forms of red receptors meaning they see an enriched color world,
  • this is not only for reds, this can be said for all colors produced by the interactions of the other colors with reds.
27
Q

What sound-wave frequencies do the human auditory receptors respond to?

A
  • 20 to 20,000 hertz

- humans rapidly lose high-frequency hearing

28
Q

What do receptors do?

A
  1. Transduce Energy (physical or chemical energy into action potentials.
  2. Locate Sensory events (receptive fields)
  3. Identify change (rapidly adapting receptors detect change immediately, slowly adapting receptors react slowly, pain )
  4. Distinguish the self from others
  5. Destiny determines sensitivity (two-point sensitivity test )
  6. neural relays determine motor responses ( all receptors connect to the cortex through a sequence of three or four intervening neurons)
29
Q

What are Exteroceptive receptors?

A
  • receptors that respond to external stimuli
30
Q

What are Interoceptive Receptors ?

A
  • receptors that respond to our own activity
31
Q

What is the first relay point for pain receptors?

A
  • the spinal cord , this is related to reflexes that produce withdrawal from a pain stimulus
  • ex. touching a hot stove and withdrawing is a reflex produced at the spinal level
32
Q

What is the Periaqueductal Gray Matter

A
  • the pain pathway relays in the brainstem especially in the PAG nuclei
  • the enduring pain that you feel long after touching a hot stove may be related to neural activity in the PAG
  • the PAG prompts many complex responses to pain stimuli including behavioural activation and emotional responses
33
Q

What is the pathway of light in the eye?

A
  • light enters through the cornea and lens and is focused on the photoreceptors at the back of the eye
  • passing through the lens, the resulting image is upside down and life-right reversed on the retina
34
Q

What are the two kinds of photoreceptors in the Retina?

A
  1. Rods
    - sensitive to low levels of light
    - seeing in the dark
    - found throughout the retina
  2. Cones
    - color perception
    - sensitive to higher intensities of light
35
Q

What are the two pathways information can travel once visual information enters the eye?

A
  1. Geniculostriate Pathway
    - lateral geniculate nucleus, striate cortex (v1), etc
  2. Tectopulvinar Pathway
    - superior colliculus, pulvinar (in the thalamus), etc
36
Q

Which visual pathway does agnosia affect

A
  • the tectopulvinar pathway
37
Q

How does the auditory system work ?

A
  • pina catches sound waves and deflects them into the external ear canal
  • waves are amplified and directed to the eardrum, causing it to vibrate
  • continues to vibrate the ossicles (3 of them)
  • the ossicles amplify and convey vibrations to the oval window
  • vibration of the oval window send waves through the cochlear fluid causing the basilar tectorial membranes to bend
  • this causes the cilia to bend which generates neural activity in hair calls.
38
Q

What are the 3 smallest bones in the body

A

ossicles

  1. hammer
  2. anvil
  3. stirrup
39
Q

What is place theory

A
  • the uncoiling of the cochlea
  • a narrow thick base is tuned for high frequencies
  • wide thin apex is tuned for low frequencies
  • medium frequencies cause peak bending of basilar membrane
40
Q

What is Tonotopic Organization

A
  • the primary auditory cortex A1
  • corresponds to apex of cochlea and base
  • all sound from the left ear ends up in the inferior colliculus of the right hemisphere
41
Q

What is Nociception?

A
  • damage or irritation to the dendrites or surrounding cells release chemicals that stimulate dendrites to produce action potentials
  • ex. pain , temperature, itch
42
Q

What is Hapsis?

A
  • mechanical pressure on the various tissues capsules stimulates dendrites within them to produce action potentials
  • ex. fine touch and pressure
43
Q

What is Proprioception?

A
  • movement stretches receptors to stimulate dendrites within them mechanically, producing action potentials
  • ex. body awareness
44
Q

What are the 2 major Somatosensory Pathways to the brain?

A
  1. Posterior Spinothalamic tract: for hapsis and proprioception
    aka. body awareness
  2. Anterior Spinothalamic Tract: for nociceptive pain
    aka. irritation
45
Q

What do the Posterior-root ganglion neurons respond too?

A
  • fine touch and pressure
  • crosses to contralateral side of the spinal cord, nociceptive fibres form the anterior spinothalamic tract which joins the medial lemniscus pathway
  • haptic-proprioceptive fibres ascend the dorsal spinothalamic tract ipsilaterally to the posterior column nuclei
46
Q

What does the ventrolateral area of the thalamus do for the somatosensory pathways

A
  • relays sensory information to the primary somatosensory cortex
  • afferent (incoming) somatosensory information arrives in the primary somatosensory cortex (BA 1/2/3)
47
Q

What is the vestibular system

A
  • inner ear
48
Q

What are the semicircular canals

A
  • filled with fluid called enclolymph, inside fluid there is hair cells
  • when a head turns in one direction the receptor message on that side increases neural firing and the receptor message on the opposite side decreases neuronal firing thus the cilia is sensitive to the direction of the movement
49
Q

What is vertigo?

A
  • a sensation of dizziness when one is not moving
  • dysfunction of the inner ear
  • symptom of alcohol intoxication is vertigo
50
Q

What is Meniere Disease?

A
  • disorder of the middle ear that results in vertigo and loss of balance
  • less common in children
  • more common in women
51
Q

What kind of stimuli are used of tastes and smell

A
  • chemical sensations
52
Q

What are taste receptors?

A
  • the receptors for taste are tase buds which are mistakenly believed to be the bumps on the tongue
  • the bumps on the tongue are called Papillae and help the tongue to grasp food
  • taste buds lie buried around the papillae
  • chemicals in food dissolve in saliva that coats the tongue and disperse though saliva to reach taste buds
  • wet tongues receive more chemical signals
  • located in the mouth and gut
53
Q

What are the 5 main taste receptors?

A
  1. Sweet: sensitive to calorie rich foods
  2. Bitter: sensitive to same veggies and toxic substances
  3. Salt: related to chemicals necessary for water balance
  4. Sour : sensitive to acidity, fruits
  5. Unami (savoury): sensitive to protein and food additive monosodium glutamate
54
Q

What happens to your taste buds as you age?

A
  • the number of taste buds decreases with age

- they become less sensitive

55
Q

What does the lateral hypothalamus do for gustatory and olfactory systems?

A
  • plays a role in feeding behaviours and lets you know when you are full
56
Q

What is the Olfactory Epithelium?

A
  • Receptor surface located in the nasal cavity
  • composed of three types of cells
    1. receptor hair cells
    2. supporting cells
    3. underlying layer of basal cells
57
Q

How many different odours have been identified?

A
  • 1 trillion
58
Q

What are the three cranial nerves that carry information from the tongue to the brain?

A
  1. the Glossopharyngeal nerve
  2. The vegus nerve
  3. the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve
59
Q

Where do all three cranial nerves in the gustatory pathways enter?

A
  • the solitary tract
60
Q

After the three cranial nerves in the gustatory pathways enter the solitary tract, where do they go?

A
  • 1 of 2 pathways once received by the ventral posterior-medial nucleus of the thalamus then sends out the either
    1. S1 primary gustatory cortex, s2 primary somatosensory cortex, lateral hypothalamus
    2. Solitary tract, pontine taste area, lateral hypothalamus and amygdala (feeding behaviours)
61
Q

What is S1 and what is it involved in?

A
  • S1 is the primary gustatory cortex and is dedicated entirely to taste and localizing
  • S1 does not respond to tactile stimulation
62
Q

What is the Lateral Olfactory tract?

A
  • major output of the olfactory bulb then ipsilaterally to the pyriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex
  • pyriforms primary projection goes to the central part of the dorsimedial nucleus in the thalamus, then orbitofrontal cortex (primary olfactory neocortex)

Psychology 475: Human Neuropsychology (8 decks)

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