Chapter 9 - Oceans and Fisheries Flashcards

1
Q

When was the first time an agreement has been reached. Agreement explicitly acknowledges the need for a clearer understanding of the impacts of fishing prior to allowing fishing?

A

Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Artictic Ocean, 2018

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2
Q

____________- are the key components in global cycles and energy flows.

A

Oceanic ecosystems

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3
Q

What is one of the major difficulties in working against sustainable human use of the oceans?

A

Lack of understanding

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4
Q

On land, _________ is the most limiting factor for life.

A

water

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5
Q

In oceans, the limiting factor are ____________

A

nutrients

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6
Q

What are the most productive areas of oceanic ecosystems?

A
  • Coastal zones
  • Upwellings from deep ocean return nutrients to the surface layers
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7
Q

Surface waters in the ________________ are warmer and have higher light levels, resulting in higher productivity

A

euphotic zone

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8
Q

Define Thermocline:

A

A sharp transition in temperature between the warmer surface waters and the cooler waters underneath

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9
Q

The deepest part of the ocean is more than __________ metres deep, but more than three- quarters of the ocean is between _______________ metres deep

A

9,000, 4,000 and
6,000

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10
Q

Where is the most productive areas in oceanic ecosystems?

A

Continental shelves at a depth of less than 200 meters, and within the top 100m.

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11
Q

When does Acidification occur?

A

When water and CO2 mix to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid releases hydrogen ions (H+), which increases the acidity of the water

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12
Q

Oceans are about _____ % more
acidic compared to pre-industrial times.

A

30

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13
Q

Define Thermohaline Circulation:

A

The carbon-saturated water moves around the globe

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14
Q

What is movement on subsrurface water of oceans densities contrasting from?

A

Temperature and Salinity

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15
Q

How will global warming affect the polar icecaps?

A

Melting, will reduce density in sea water and make thermohaline circulation weaker –shutdown of this circulation could trigger a new ice age

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16
Q

Coral reefs are known as the _________________ of the sea.

A

rain forests

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17
Q

___________ are among the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth

A

Coral reefs

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18
Q

What are coral reefs mainly made of?

A

Countless number of individual coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

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19
Q

What kind of algae lives inside corals skeletons and produce their food?

A

Photosynthetic / zooxanthellae algae

20
Q

What is the technical explanation of coral bleaching?

A

When water temperatures get too warm, the zooxantheliae are often expelled

21
Q

What are the main management challenges facing ocean ecosystems a result of?

A
  1. Fisheries pollution
  2. Coastal development
  3. Climate change
22
Q

Where are the most important fishing grounds of the world found?

A

On and along continental shelves within less than 370 kms of the shore

23
Q

Fisheries supply some ____% of the world’s annual animal protein supply

24
Q

True or false: Fish populations are declining, and the fish being caught are smaller than those caught in the past.

25
What are the two main forms chemical pollutants take?
- Toxic Materials - Nutrients
26
What is one rapidly emerging impact relating to pollution?
Endocrine Disruption
27
Define Endocrine Disruption;
The interference of normal bodily processes such as sex, metabolism, and growth by chemicals in such products as soaps and detergents that are released into an ecosystem
28
What kind of fish are appearing all over Europe and the Great Lakes?
Hermaphroditic Fish
29
What does oxygen depletion occur as a result of?
Nutrient Enrichment
30
What kind of areas are multiplying 10-fold near coastal areas since the 1950s?
Hypoxic / oxygen-deficient areas
31
What kind of areas have quadrupled in size since 1950?
Anoxic Areas
32
The growth of ___________ could promote the development of far more male fish than female, threatening some species with extinction
dead zones
33
True or false: 84% of seabirds have plastic in their stomach.
True
34
What are the main sources of marine toxic pollution in Canada?
Deposition of Airborne pollutants
35
Many of the world’s main oilfields are situated in _______________.
sedimentary basins under the oceans
36
______ of the world's 33 mega-cities are coastal.
21
37
True or false: Half of the countries in the world do not have any coastal legislation to address their highly degraded coastal environments
True
38
What is an example of a coastal mega-city?
Mumbai, India
39
How much have sea levels risen since 1870 - 2013?
250mm
40
Changes in _________________ could cause widespread destruction of coral reef ecosystems or slow or shut down the thermohaline circulation.
water temperature
41
What is one of the key international legal frameworks regarding oceans?
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
42
Where has the longest coastline of any country and the second largest continental shelf?
Canada
43
What is the DFO?
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
44
What are the five Marine Ecozones?
- Pacific Marine - Arctic Basin - Arctic Archipelago - Northwest Atlantic - Atlantic
45
What are some of the key concerns associated with aquaculture?
escapement, disease, lice, pollution, predator control, energetics, social dimensions, human health, genetic modification