Chapter 10 - Forests Flashcards
What are the three key provision of forests?
- Clean air and water
- Improving biodiversity
- Combating climate change
Canada has ___% of the worlds forests, and these forests cover about ___% of the nations land area.
9, 35
How much of the world’s temperate rain forests and boreal forests does Canada have?
1/4 temperate, and 1/4 boreal
What tree volume makes up the majority of Canadas forest composition?
Spruce
What’s the main reason for deforestation in Canada?
- Conversion to agricultural land
- Conversion to oil and gas use
How much of Canada’s forest is lost annually?
37,000 hectares
What is Canadas largest ecozone?
The Boreal Forest
How much of Canadas land mass is covered by the Boreal forest?
58%
What type of trees dominate the Boreal?
Coniferous forests (spruce)
What does Taiga mean?
It is a Russian word for describing coniferous forests
Define Boreal:
A term that means ‘of the North’; it comes originally from the Greek god of the north wind, Boreas
What type of manufacturing processes does the Boreal forest support?
- Logging
- Wood fibre
- Sawlog production
- Pulp and paper mills
- Fibreboard production
Almost ___% of the boreal forest is currently allocated to industry
50
How much $ does the boreal forest provide under ecosystems annually?
700 billion $
What type of ecological functions does Canadas forest ecosystems provide?
- Nutrient and water cycling
- Carbon sequestration
- Waste decomposition
It is estimated that _____% of the world’s water originates in Canada’s forests
20%
What are four economic benefits provided by Timber Forest Products?
- Softwood lumber and newsprint
- Balance of trade
- NTFP
- $1 billion to the Canadian economy
Wha type of governments are responsible for 77% of the nations forests?
Provincial
How much of Canadas forests do Indigenous peoples own?
2%
What are the 6 key components under Forest Management Practices?
- Rate of Conversion
- Harvesting Methods
- Reforestation
- Site Preparation-Biocide Use
- Intensive Forest Management
- Fire Suppression
Define the Rate of Conversion:
The rate of conversion of natural to managed forests is one of the most controversial issues in Canadian forestry
What is the AAC?
Annual Allowable Cut
What has caused a great deal of conflict in Canadas harvesting processes?
Dominant Forest Harvesting Practice
What are the advantages of Clear cutting?
- Higher timber yields
- Maximum profits in shortest time
- Can reforest with fast-growing trees
- Good for tree species needing full
or moderate sunlight
What are the disadvantages of clear-cutting?
- Reduces biodiversity
- Destroys and fragments wildlife habitats
- Increases water pollution, flooding, and erosion on steep slopes
Until ______, Canada’s forests were considered to be so extensive that little effort was given to reforestation
1985
How are Biocides used on Forest Lands in Canada?
To reduce competition for seedlings on replanted sites and to protect seedlings from insect damage
What are some downfalls to herbicide application in forests?
They may eliminate species that are ecologically advantageous, such as nitrogen fixers like the red alder, exacerbating nutrient loss from logged sites
It what ways can future timber resource values be enhanced through intensive practices?
Through:
- Pre-commercial thinning
- Commercial thinning
- Scarification
- Prescribed burning
- Pruning and shearing
- Timber stand improvement
What are the four benefits of occasional surface fires?
- Prevent larger fires
- Release minerals
- Control insects
- Habitat maintenance
What are the two environmental and social impacts of forest management practices?
- Forestry and Site Fertility
- Forestry and Climate Change
