Chapter 9- Motivation and Motion Flashcards
Motivation
Initiates, directs, sustains behaviour to satisfy physiological or psychological needs
Motives
Needs or desires that energize, direct behaviour toward a goal. ◦ Can arise from an internal need-such as hunger.
Incentives
External stimulus that motivates behaviour. ◦ We are full but desert looks amazing!
Description of intrinsic motivation
An activity is pursued as an end in itself because it is enjoyable and rewarding
Description of external motivation
An activity is pursued to gain an external reward or to avoid an undesirable consequence.
Instinct
Inborn, unlearned, fixed pattern of behaviour. Characteristic of entire species
Instinct Theory
Behaviour motivated by innate tendencies, instincts.
Shared by all individuals.
Is the Instinct Theory accepted?
It is now rejection because humans are too diverse and often unpredictable
Drive
State of tension/arousal, due to need (hunger/thirst).
◦ Motivates behaviour in order to:
◦ Satisfy need and reduce tension.
Drive-Reduction Theory
◦ Need creates unpleasant state, drive.
◦ Organisms act to satisfy need, reduce tension.
Homeostasis in terms of Drive-reduction theory
Maintain balanced internal state.
Balance body temperature, blood sugar, water, oxygen for survival.
Arousal
State of alertness, mental and physical activation
Arousal Theory
Motivated to maintain optimal level of arousal
Stimulus motives
Increasing Motivation
Curiosity, exploration, play.
◦ Occur when arousal too low-think about what you do when you are waiting for someone.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Performance is best when arousal level appropriate to difficulty of task
Higher arousal for simple tasks.
Moderate arousal for moderate tasks.
Low arousal for difficult tasks.
How is performance affected by arousal?
Performance suffers when arousal level too high or low for task
Sensory deprivation
Sensory stimulation reduced to minimum or eliminated
REST and effects
restrictive environmental stimulation had produced beneficial effects
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
◦Needs arranged in order of urgency.
◦Explain range of human motivation.
◦Lower level motives satisfied before higher ones. ◦Physiological needs lowest.
◦Self-actualization needs highest.
What are the primary the drives?
Hunger and thirst
Drive-reduction theory related to primary drives
Motivation is based largely on primary drives.
Primary drives
States of tension or arousal arising from a biological need.
Not based on learning.
Thirst and hunger
Extracellular thirst
Body tissues lose fluids. Perspiring, bleeding, vomiting.
Intracellular Thirst
Loss of water from inside body cells (eat salty foods)
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)
Feeding centre to excite eating.
When activated, excites eating.
If removed, animal refuses to eat until it adapts
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
Satiety centre.
When active, inhibits eating.
If removed, experimental animals eat to gross obesity.
How is hunger stimulated?
Blood glucose too low = signal sent to brain
Blood glucose too high = insulin converts glucose into energy. High insulin causes hunger
What is the satiety signal?
Cholecystokinin (CCK) Hormone = satiety signal, limits food intake
External Cues relating to hunger
Trigger internal hunger cues, sight/smell of food can trigger Insulin release.
◦Eating with others vs alone. ◦Palatability of food tempts us
IMPORTANT!! REVIEW FACTORS INHIBITING AND STIMULATING EATING
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What % fat do men, women and women’s reproductive system require?
3, 12, 20
Healthy range of weight varies with height (BMI)
What hormone is produced higher that leads to higher body fat?
Leptin
% of men and women overweight and obese
60% of men and 44% of women are considered overweight. 18% are considered obese
What is considered obese?
when BMI exceeds 30
Metabolism
All the physical and chemical processes that are carried out in the body to sustain life.
Food provides the energy required to carry out these processes.
Metabolic rate
Rate body burns calories to produce energy
What causes weight gain?
Imbalance, energy output vs. energy intake
Fat-cell theory
Fatness is related to the number of fat cells in body.
◦ Normal weight: between 25 & 35 billion fat cells
◦ Twice normal weight: between 100 & 125 billion fat cells
Set-point theory
Genetically programed to carry set amount of weight.
◦ The set point is determined by the number of fat cells and the metabolic rate (both affected by genes)
What maintains set-point?
Homeostasis
Social motives
Learn or acquire through social and cultural experiences.
Henry Murray (1935)
Needs to be with others (affiliation); achievement;
recognition; dominance; order.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Series of pictures, ambiguous situations.
Investigates strength of social motives or needs
What re the needs associated with social motives?
Need for Achievement
Need to accomplish something difficult.
Need to overcome obstacles, attain high standard
Atkinson’s Theory of Achievement Motivation
Hope for success vs. fear of failure.
◦ Motivation to avoid failure can cause us to work harder or it can cause us to avoid the task altogether.
striving for a goal depends on what?
Strength of your need to achieve.
Expectation of success.
Incentive value of success or failure.
Characteristics of HIGH achievers
High achievers set realistic goals.
High achievers use hard work, ability,
determination, persistence.
Characteristics of LOW achievers
Low achievers not willing to take chances.
Low achievers set very low goals or impossibly high goals.
Definition of Emotion
◦ Physiological arousal.
◦ Cognitive appraisal of situation arousing the state.
◦ Outward expression of state
Components of Emotions
◦ Physical Component
◦ Cognitive Component
◦ Behavioural Component
Physical Component of emotion
Physiological arousal (internal bodily state accompanying the emotion)
Cognitive Component of emotion
The way we interpret a stimulus or situation
Behavioural Component of emotion
Outward expression of the emotion (facial expressions, gestures, body posture, tone of voice)
James-Lange Theory
Emotion is based on the physical response to an event i.e. we are afraid because we tremble
Cannon-Bard Theory
◦ Feeling of emotion (e.g., fear) occurs at same time as physiological arousal (e.g., pounding heart).
◦ One does not cause the other.
Where are signals relayed to after an emotion provoking stimuli
Emotion-provoking stimuli are received by the senses and are then relayed simultaneously to the:
◦ thalamus -> cerebral cortex: conscious mental experience of emotion
◦ SNS -> produces the physiological state of arousal
Schachter-Singer Theory
Two things must happen to feel an emotion:
1) Physiological arousal
2) then cognitive interpretation before labelling emotion
Lazarus Cognitive-Appraisal Theory
Stimulus triggers cognitive appraisal, emotion and physiological arousal after.
Basic Emotions
Unlearned, universal emotions.
Found in all cultures.
Fear, anger, disgust, surprise, joy, happiness, sadness, distress.
How are facial expressions determined?
Facial expressions of emotion are biologically determined.
How do facial expressions develop?
Naturally
expressed emotion at 12 weeks
babies can express happiness and sadness
expressed emotion at 14-16 weeks
laughter appears
expressed emotion at 16 weeks-6 months
anger and surprise
expressed emotion at 7 months
fear
expressed emotion at 18 months - 3 years
self-conscious emotions (empathy, envy, and embarrassment, followed by shame, guilt and pride.)
Cultural display rules
Culturally, how emotions are expressed. ◦ Where and when expression is appropriate.
How is emotion related to communication?
Communicate feelings, intentions, needs more effectively than just words
Communicating emotions, motivates others to act.
Biologically wired to convey emotion signals and
are predisposed to read and interpret signals.
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
Facial expressions of basic emotions are genetically programmed.
◦Muscular movements in face can trigger corresponding emotions.
◦ Smiling makes us happy.
Catharsis
expression of emotion, venting
Is there a negative correlation between emotion and rational thinking?
Extreme emotional states diminish rational thinking
Venting anger does what?
Makes us more angry
What is love?
deep and abiding affection
What is romantic love?
intense emotional response, turmoil of emotion + sexual arousal and longing.
Six styles of love
romantic and passionate; friendly; game-playing; possessive; pragmatic; unselfish
Sternberg’s Theory of Love
Triangular theory of love (3 components) ◦Intimacy, passion, commitment.
◦ Produces seven kinds of love.
What is the seventh style of love?
Consummate love = all three components; ideal type of love relationship. (middle of the triangle)
What are the seven kinds of love according to Sternberg’s theory?
Liking Empty Infatuation Romantic love Fatuous love Companionate Consummate love
Liking
Liking = intimacy
Empty love
Empty = commitment
Infatuation
Infatuation = passion
Romantic love
Romantic love = passion and intimacy
Fatuous love
Fatuous love = passion and commitment
Companionate love
Companionate love = intimacy and commitment
Consummate love
Consummate love = intimacy, passion, and commitment
