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Psychology 2020 > Chapter 9- Motivation and Motion > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Motivation and Motion Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

Initiates, directs, sustains behaviour to satisfy physiological or psychological needs

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2
Q

Motives

A

Needs or desires that energize, direct behaviour toward a goal. ◦ Can arise from an internal need-such as hunger.

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3
Q

Incentives

A

External stimulus that motivates behaviour. ◦ We are full but desert looks amazing!

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4
Q

Description of intrinsic motivation

A

An activity is pursued as an end in itself because it is enjoyable and rewarding

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5
Q

Description of external motivation

A

An activity is pursued to gain an external reward or to avoid an undesirable consequence.

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6
Q

Instinct

A

Inborn, unlearned, fixed pattern of behaviour. Characteristic of entire species

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7
Q

Instinct Theory

A

Behaviour motivated by innate tendencies, instincts.

Shared by all individuals.

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8
Q

Is the Instinct Theory accepted?

A

It is now rejection because humans are too diverse and often unpredictable

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9
Q

Drive

A

State of tension/arousal, due to need (hunger/thirst).
◦ Motivates behaviour in order to:
◦ Satisfy need and reduce tension.

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10
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory

A

◦ Need creates unpleasant state, drive.

◦ Organisms act to satisfy need, reduce tension.

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11
Q

Homeostasis in terms of Drive-reduction theory

A

Maintain balanced internal state.

Balance body temperature, blood sugar, water, oxygen for survival.

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12
Q

Arousal

A

State of alertness, mental and physical activation

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13
Q

Arousal Theory

A

Motivated to maintain optimal level of arousal

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14
Q

Stimulus motives

A

Increasing Motivation
Curiosity, exploration, play.
◦ Occur when arousal too low-think about what you do when you are waiting for someone.

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15
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Performance is best when arousal level appropriate to difficulty of task
Higher arousal for simple tasks.
Moderate arousal for moderate tasks.
Low arousal for difficult tasks.

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16
Q

How is performance affected by arousal?

A

Performance suffers when arousal level too high or low for task

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17
Q

Sensory deprivation

A

Sensory stimulation reduced to minimum or eliminated

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18
Q

REST and effects

A

restrictive environmental stimulation had produced beneficial effects

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19
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

◦Needs arranged in order of urgency.
◦Explain range of human motivation.
◦Lower level motives satisfied before higher ones. ◦Physiological needs lowest.
◦Self-actualization needs highest.

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20
Q

What are the primary the drives?

A

Hunger and thirst

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21
Q

Drive-reduction theory related to primary drives

A

Motivation is based largely on primary drives.

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22
Q

Primary drives

A

States of tension or arousal arising from a biological need.
Not based on learning.
Thirst and hunger

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23
Q

Extracellular thirst

A

Body tissues lose fluids. Perspiring, bleeding, vomiting.

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24
Q

Intracellular Thirst

A

Loss of water from inside body cells (eat salty foods)

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25
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

A

Feeding centre to excite eating.
When activated, excites eating.
If removed, animal refuses to eat until it adapts

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26
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

A

Satiety centre.
When active, inhibits eating.
If removed, experimental animals eat to gross obesity.

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27
Q

How is hunger stimulated?

A

Blood glucose too low = signal sent to brain

Blood glucose too high = insulin converts glucose into energy. High insulin causes hunger

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28
Q

What is the satiety signal?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK) Hormone = satiety signal, limits food intake

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29
Q

External Cues relating to hunger

A

Trigger internal hunger cues, sight/smell of food can trigger Insulin release.
◦Eating with others vs alone. ◦Palatability of food tempts us

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30
Q

IMPORTANT!! REVIEW FACTORS INHIBITING AND STIMULATING EATING

A

-

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31
Q

What % fat do men, women and women’s reproductive system require?

A

3, 12, 20

Healthy range of weight varies with height (BMI)

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32
Q

What hormone is produced higher that leads to higher body fat?

A

Leptin

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33
Q

% of men and women overweight and obese

A

60% of men and 44% of women are considered overweight. 18% are considered obese

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34
Q

What is considered obese?

A

when BMI exceeds 30

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35
Q

Metabolism

A

All the physical and chemical processes that are carried out in the body to sustain life.
Food provides the energy required to carry out these processes.

36
Q

Metabolic rate

A

Rate body burns calories to produce energy

37
Q

What causes weight gain?

A

Imbalance, energy output vs. energy intake

38
Q

Fat-cell theory

A

Fatness is related to the number of fat cells in body.
◦ Normal weight: between 25 & 35 billion fat cells
◦ Twice normal weight: between 100 & 125 billion fat cells

39
Q

Set-point theory

A

Genetically programed to carry set amount of weight.

◦ The set point is determined by the number of fat cells and the metabolic rate (both affected by genes)

40
Q

What maintains set-point?

A

Homeostasis

41
Q

Social motives

A

Learn or acquire through social and cultural experiences.

42
Q

Henry Murray (1935)

A

Needs to be with others (affiliation); achievement;

recognition; dominance; order.

43
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Series of pictures, ambiguous situations.

Investigates strength of social motives or needs

44
Q

What re the needs associated with social motives?

A

Need for Achievement
Need to accomplish something difficult.
Need to overcome obstacles, attain high standard

45
Q

Atkinson’s Theory of Achievement Motivation

A

Hope for success vs. fear of failure.

◦ Motivation to avoid failure can cause us to work harder or it can cause us to avoid the task altogether.

46
Q

striving for a goal depends on what?

A

Strength of your need to achieve.
Expectation of success.
Incentive value of success or failure.

47
Q

Characteristics of HIGH achievers

A

High achievers set realistic goals.
High achievers use hard work, ability,
determination, persistence.

48
Q

Characteristics of LOW achievers

A

Low achievers not willing to take chances.

Low achievers set very low goals or impossibly high goals.

49
Q

Definition of Emotion

A

◦ Physiological arousal.
◦ Cognitive appraisal of situation arousing the state.
◦ Outward expression of state

50
Q

Components of Emotions

A

◦ Physical Component
◦ Cognitive Component
◦ Behavioural Component

51
Q

Physical Component of emotion

A

Physiological arousal (internal bodily state accompanying the emotion)

52
Q

Cognitive Component of emotion

A

The way we interpret a stimulus or situation

53
Q

Behavioural Component of emotion

A

Outward expression of the emotion (facial expressions, gestures, body posture, tone of voice)

54
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Emotion is based on the physical response to an event i.e. we are afraid because we tremble

55
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

◦ Feeling of emotion (e.g., fear) occurs at same time as physiological arousal (e.g., pounding heart).
◦ One does not cause the other.

56
Q

Where are signals relayed to after an emotion provoking stimuli

A

Emotion-provoking stimuli are received by the senses and are then relayed simultaneously to the:
◦ thalamus -> cerebral cortex: conscious mental experience of emotion
◦ SNS -> produces the physiological state of arousal

57
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory

A

Two things must happen to feel an emotion:

1) Physiological arousal
2) then cognitive interpretation before labelling emotion

58
Q

Lazarus Cognitive-Appraisal Theory

A

Stimulus triggers cognitive appraisal, emotion and physiological arousal after.

59
Q

Basic Emotions

A

Unlearned, universal emotions.
Found in all cultures.
Fear, anger, disgust, surprise, joy, happiness, sadness, distress.

60
Q

How are facial expressions determined?

A

Facial expressions of emotion are biologically determined.

61
Q

How do facial expressions develop?

A

Naturally

62
Q

expressed emotion at 12 weeks

A

babies can express happiness and sadness

63
Q

expressed emotion at 14-16 weeks

A

laughter appears

64
Q

expressed emotion at 16 weeks-6 months

A

anger and surprise

65
Q

expressed emotion at 7 months

A

fear

66
Q

expressed emotion at 18 months - 3 years

A

self-conscious emotions (empathy, envy, and embarrassment, followed by shame, guilt and pride.)

67
Q

Cultural display rules

A

Culturally, how emotions are expressed. ◦ Where and when expression is appropriate.

68
Q

How is emotion related to communication?

A

Communicate feelings, intentions, needs more effectively than just words
Communicating emotions, motivates others to act.
Biologically wired to convey emotion signals and
are predisposed to read and interpret signals.

69
Q

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

A

Facial expressions of basic emotions are genetically programmed.
◦Muscular movements in face can trigger corresponding emotions.
◦ Smiling makes us happy.

70
Q

Catharsis

A

expression of emotion, venting

71
Q

Is there a negative correlation between emotion and rational thinking?

A

Extreme emotional states diminish rational thinking

72
Q

Venting anger does what?

A

Makes us more angry

73
Q

What is love?

A

deep and abiding affection

74
Q

What is romantic love?

A

intense emotional response, turmoil of emotion + sexual arousal and longing.

75
Q

Six styles of love

A

romantic and passionate; friendly; game-playing; possessive; pragmatic; unselfish

76
Q

Sternberg’s Theory of Love

A

Triangular theory of love (3 components) ◦Intimacy, passion, commitment.
◦ Produces seven kinds of love.

77
Q

What is the seventh style of love?

A

Consummate love = all three components; ideal type of love relationship. (middle of the triangle)

78
Q

What are the seven kinds of love according to Sternberg’s theory?

A 
Liking
Empty
Infatuation
Romantic love
Fatuous love
Companionate
Consummate love
79
Q

Liking

A

Liking = intimacy

80
Q

Empty love

A

Empty = commitment

81
Q

Infatuation

A

Infatuation = passion

82
Q

Romantic love

A

Romantic love = passion and intimacy

83
Q

Fatuous love

A

Fatuous love = passion and commitment

84
Q

Companionate love

A

Companionate love = intimacy and commitment

85
Q

Consummate love

A

Consummate love = intimacy, passion, and commitment

Psychology 2020 (7 decks)

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