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Psychology 2020 > Chapter 6 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

Storehouse for everything we know, refers to anything we can remember

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2
Q

Name the three processes in remembering a memory

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval

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3
Q

What is the encoding process?

A

transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory
Must pay attention to encode
Selective attention: eliminate interference

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4
Q

What is the storage process?

A

Info maintained in memory

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5
Q

What is consolidation?

A

‘Memory is formed’. Physiological changes in our brain (hippocampus).
Can be disrupted if we lose consciousness!

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6
Q

What is the retrieval process?

A

when information stored in memory is brought to mind

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7
Q

What are the stages of memory?

A

Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory

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8
Q

Three Memory Systems Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A

Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory

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9
Q

Sensory memory

A

Impression of stimuli stored for seconds

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10
Q

How long is the visual sensory memory?

A

A fraction of a second (shorter than auditory)

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11
Q

How long is the auditory sensory memory?

A

Auditory sensory memory lasts about 2 seconds (longer than visual)

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12
Q

Capacity of short-term memory?

A

5 to 9 bits of information for less than 30 seconds

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13
Q

How is short-term memory maintained?

A

maintained by rehearsal (working memory)

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14
Q

What aids short-term memory capacity?

A

chinking/rote learning

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15
Q

What happens when short term memory is at capacity?

A

Displacement

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16
Q

What is short term memory also thought as?

A

Working memory like an erasable mental blackboard

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17
Q

Length of a long term memory?

A

Can last a lifetime with unlimited capacity - gets here by rehearsal

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18
Q

How is sensory memory lost?

A

Decay, displacement

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19
Q

How is short term memory lost?

A

decay, displacement, interference

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20
Q

How can longterm memory be lost?

A

encoding failure, consolidation failure, interference, motivated forgetting, retrieval failure

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21
Q

What does the declarative (explicit) memory store?

A

Facts and personal experiences

Composed of semantic memory and episodic memory

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22
Q

Semantic memory

A

“What” - Stores general knowledge, or objective facts & info not directly linked to life events. 10x10=100, 1 dozen means 12, Capital of Canada is Ottawa

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23
Q

Episodic memory

A

“When” - Stores autobiographical events or a sequence of events (long
division/How hilarious your intro to psych. teacher was)

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24
Q

What do non-declarative (implicit) memory encompass?

A

“HOW” - Memories not consciously aware of: motor skills, habits, CC’d
responses
Procedural memory riding a bike, skating, eating with a fork Conditioning/Emotional

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25
Q

How do we measure memory?

A

Recall, cued recall (with retrieval cues), recognition (MC questions), the relearning method

26
Q

Function hippocampus

A

essential for normal recognition tasks BUT when short time delays are involved, face recognition may be possible with hippocampal damage.

27
Q

How do we use relearning method in measuring method?

A

retention is expressed as the % of time saved when material is relearned compared with the time required to learn the material originally.

28
Q

What was Aristotle’s view on remembering?

A

the senses imprint memories in the brain like wax

29
Q

What was Freud’s view on remembering?

A

all memories are permanently preserved…some remaining in the unconscious

30
Q

What was Penfield’s view on remembering?

A

experiences leave a permanent imprint on the brain as though a tape recorder had been receiving it all

31
Q

Why are our memories distorted?

A

We make information fit, reconstruct our memories, put their point of view

32
Q

Schemas

A

Integrating knowledge and assumptions about people, objects and events. help us process large amounts of material by providing us with frameworks to incorporate new information.

33
Q

Positive bias

A

89% of college students accurately remembered the A’s but only 29% remembered accurately the D’s

34
Q

Distortion

A

This helps us organize our experiences into our existing systems of beliefs and expectations.
This can lead to BIG inaccuracies
(writing the word sleep)

35
Q

Does hypnosis improve memory accuracy?

A

Hypnosis doesn’t improve the accuracy of memory, but does the confidence in the memory

36
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

Leading questions can substantially change a witness’s memory of an event.

37
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Studied the misinformation effect

38
Q

Unusual memory phenomena

A

Flashbulb memory, Eldetic imagery

39
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

burned into our brains!

Why? Memories in emotionally charged times, paired with hormone released, & involvement of amygdala set memories

40
Q

Eidetic imagery

A

(5% of children)
Ability to retain image of a visual stimulus for several
minutes after it is out of view

41
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

For information learned in sequence: Recall is better for items at the beginning (primacy effect) and at the end (recency effect).

42
Q

Context-dependent memory

A

Info easier to recall in same env’tal context as when
learned.
Odour, songs, influence recall.
Bring the witness back to the scene of the crime!

43
Q

State-dependent memory

A

Info easier to recall in the same emotional state as when
learned (sad, happy, intoxicated, sober)
Depressed people tend to remember more negative life experiences

44
Q

What is it to forget?

A

Inability to recall something we used to know

45
Q

Ebbinghaus’s Curve of Forgetting

A

He demonstrated that forgetting begins very early but then tapers off.

46
Q

What are causes of forgetting?

A 
Encoding failure
Decay theory
Proactive Interference
Retroactive Interference
Consolidation failure
Motivated forgetting
Retrieval failure
Prospective forgetting
47
Q

Encoding failure

A

not forgetting, never learned in the first place – did not

enter LTM

48
Q

Decay theory

A

If memories are not used, they fade away and ultimately disappear. Generally accepted for sensory and STM, but not LTM (high school year book experiment). Implies a physiological change in the neural trace

49
Q

Proactive Interference

A

previously learned info interferes with ability to learn new info

50
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

new information interferes with our ability

to remember older information

51
Q

Consolidation failure

A

Disruption that prevents memory from forming
 Anything that causes a person to lose consciousness: blow to the head, car accident
 Amnesia
 memory loss, either partial or complete, resulting from
brain trauma, or psychological trauma.

52
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

Assault &/or disaster survivors are motivated to forget
to protect themselves from pain and/or fear
 Repression
 memory removed from consciousness; no longer aware event ever occurred.

53
Q

Retrieval failure

A

We are sure we know something, but we are not
able to retrieve the information we need.
Tip-of-the tongue phenomenon

54
Q

Prospective forgetting

A

Forgetting to remember: birthdays, appointments

Prospective memory: remembering to carry out an action in the future.

55
Q

Hippocampuses role in memory

A

critical area of brain involved in processing long-term memory

56
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

damage to the hippocampus renders unable to put current (new) memories into long-term memory

57
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Memory loss; inability to remember past memories

58
Q

Source amnesia

A

Remembers information, but not the source. Forgets or misremembers,
“didn‘t you tell me that?”

59
Q

How improve memory?

A

Organization, over learning, massed practice more effective than spaced practice, active learning

60
Q

Mnemonic devices

A

The First-letter Technique

The Method of Loci (tells a story), Keyword Method

61
Q

CISD

A

critical incident stress debriefing
3 hour session asking individual to go over every detail
Doesnt work

62
Q

Karim Nader

A

blocked protein synthesis during recall

Psychology 2020 (7 decks)

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