Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
What is motivation?
The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met
What is extrinsic motivation?
Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person
What are instints?
The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals
What is the instinct approach?
Approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals
What is a need?
A requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism
What is a drive?
A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
What is the drive-reduction theory?
Approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal
What are the types of drives?
Primary Drives: Drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
Acquired (secondary) drives: those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval
What is homeostasis?
The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
What are some types of needs?
Need for achievement (nAch): a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals—not only realistic ones, but also challenging ones
Need for affiliation (nAff): the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others
Need for power (nPow): the need to have control or influence over others
What is a stimulus motive?
A motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity
What is arousal theory?
Theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high.
This effect varies with the difficulty of the task; easy tasks require a high-moderate level, while more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level.
What is a sensation seeker?
Someone who needs more arousal than the average person
What are incentives?
Things that attract or lure people into action.
What are incentive approaches?
Theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties
What are expectancy-value theories?
Incentive theories that assume the actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood without understanding their beliefs, their values, and the importance that a person attaches to those beliefs and values at any given moment in time
What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
- Physiological needs to satisfy hunger, thirst, fatigue etc.
- Safety needs to feel secure and safe
- Belongingness and love needs to be with others, be accepted, and belong
- Esteem needs to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition.
- Cognitive needs, to know, understand, and explore
- Aesthetic needs, to appreciate symmetry, order, and beauty
- Self-actualization needs to find self fulfillment and realize one’s potential.
- Trancendence needs to help others achieve self-actualization.
What is the self-determination theory?
Theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action
What is intrinsic motivation?
Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner
What is insulin?
A hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
What are glucagons?
Hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
What is a weight set point?
The particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain
What is the basal metabolic rate?
The rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting
What is obesity?
A condition in which the body weight of a person is 20 percent or more over the ideal body weight for that person’s height (actual percents vary across definitions)
What is anorexia nervosa?
A condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs
What is bulimia?
A condition in which a person develops a cycle of “binging,” or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and “purging,” or deliberately vomiting after eating
What is Leptin?
A hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full
What is an emotion?
The “feeling” aspect of consciousness; characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings
What are display rules?
Learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings
What is the common sense theory of emotion?
A stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal. A snarling dog leads to a conscious fear which then causes you to shake and cower.
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
Theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion. A snarling dog leads to you shaking and cowering, which leads to a feeling of conscious fear.
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
Theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time. A snarling dog leads to you shaking and cowering and feeling conscious fear at the same time.
What is the cognitive arousal theory?
Theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced. A snarling dog leads to you shaking and cowering, and you consciously thinking that this dog is dangerous, which leads you to feel conscious fear.
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
Theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion. A snarling dog causes you to create a facial expression of fear, your brain interprets the facial expression and causes you to feel conscious fear.
What is the cognitive-meditational theory?
Theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction. A snarling dog causes you to consciously thinking that this dog is dangerous, which leads to a feeling of fear, which causes you to shake and cower.
