Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met

Question 2

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 2

Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person

Question 3

What are instints?

Answer 3

The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals

Question 4

What is the instinct approach?

Answer 4

Approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals

Question 5

What is a need?

Answer 5

A requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism

Question 6

What is a drive?

Answer 6

A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension

Question 7

What is the drive-reduction theory?

Answer 7

Approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

Question 8

What are the types of drives?

Answer 8

Primary Drives: Drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
Acquired (secondary) drives: those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval

Question 9

What is homeostasis?

Answer 9

The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

Question 10

What are some types of needs?

Answer 10

Need for achievement (nAch): a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals—not only realistic ones, but also challenging ones
Need for affiliation (nAff): the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others
Need for power (nPow): the need to have control or influence over others

Question 11

What is a stimulus motive?

Answer 11

A motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity

Question 12

What is arousal theory?

Answer 12

Theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

Question 13

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Answer 13

law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high.
This effect varies with the difficulty of the task; easy tasks require a high-moderate level, while more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level.

Question 14

What is a sensation seeker?

Answer 14

Someone who needs more arousal than the average person

Question 15

What are incentives?

Answer 15

Things that attract or lure people into action.

Question 16

What are incentive approaches?

Answer 16

Theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties

Question 17

What are expectancy-value theories?

Answer 17

Incentive theories that assume the actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood without understanding their beliefs, their values, and the importance that a person attaches to those beliefs and values at any given moment in time

Question 18

What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 18

1. Physiological needs to satisfy hunger, thirst, fatigue etc.
2. Safety needs to feel secure and safe
3. Belongingness and love needs to be with others, be accepted, and belong
4. Esteem needs to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition.
5. Cognitive needs, to know, understand, and explore
6. Aesthetic needs, to appreciate symmetry, order, and beauty
7. Self-actualization needs to find self fulfillment and realize one’s potential.
8. Trancendence needs to help others achieve self-actualization.

Question 19

What is the self-determination theory?

Answer 19

Theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action

Question 20

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 20

Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner

Question 21

What is insulin?

Answer 21

A hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream

Question 22

What are glucagons?

Answer 22

Hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream

Question 23

What is a weight set point?

Answer 23

The particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain

Question 24

What is the basal metabolic rate?

Answer 24

The rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting

Question 25

What is obesity?

Answer 25

A condition in which the body weight of a person is 20 percent or more over the ideal body weight for that person’s height (actual percents vary across definitions)

Question 26

What is anorexia nervosa?

Answer 26

A condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs

Question 27

What is bulimia?

Answer 27

A condition in which a person develops a cycle of “binging,” or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and “purging,” or deliberately vomiting after eating

Question 28

What is Leptin?

Answer 28

A hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full

Question 29

What is an emotion?

Answer 29

The “feeling” aspect of consciousness; characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings

Question 30

What are display rules?

Answer 30

Learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings

Question 31

What is the common sense theory of emotion?

Answer 31

A stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal. A snarling dog leads to a conscious fear which then causes you to shake and cower.

Question 32

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Answer 32

Theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion. A snarling dog leads to you shaking and cowering, which leads to a feeling of conscious fear.

Question 33

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Answer 33

Theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time. A snarling dog leads to you shaking and cowering and feeling conscious fear at the same time.

Question 34

What is the cognitive arousal theory?

Answer 34

Theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced. A snarling dog leads to you shaking and cowering, and you consciously thinking that this dog is dangerous, which leads you to feel conscious fear.

Question 35

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Answer 35

Theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion. A snarling dog causes you to create a facial expression of fear, your brain interprets the facial expression and causes you to feel conscious fear.

Question 36

What is the cognitive-meditational theory?

Answer 36

Theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction. A snarling dog causes you to consciously thinking that this dog is dangerous, which leads to a feeling of fear, which causes you to shake and cower.