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Psychology 2 > Chapter 8 - Life Span Development > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Life Span Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is human development?

A

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death.

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2
Q

What is longitudinal design?

A

Research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time.

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3
Q

What is cross-sectional design?

A

Research design in which several different age groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time

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4
Q

What is cross-sequential design?

A

Research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but also followed and assessed for a period of no more than six years

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5
Q

What is nature and nurture?

A

Nature: the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
Nurture: the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

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6
Q

What is genetics?

A

The science of inherited traits.

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7
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism.

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8
Q

What is a gene? What are the kinds of genes?

A

Section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements
Dominant: referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait
Recessive: referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene

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9
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A tightly would strand of genetic material, or DNA

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10
Q

What are some chromosome disorders?

A

Down syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, and Turner’s syndrome

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11
Q

What are some genetic disorders?

A

PKU, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease.

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12
Q

What is conception?

A

The moment at which a female becomes pregnant.

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13
Q

What is an ovum?

A

The female sex cell, or egg

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14
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The union of the ovum and sperm.

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15
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm which divides into many cells, eventually forming a baby.

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16
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

Identical twins; formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo

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17
Q

What are dizygotic twins?

A

Often called fraternal twins; occurs when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

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18
Q

What is the germinal period?

A

First two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.

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19
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

The period from two to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop.

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20
Q

What is a critical period?

A

Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant

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21
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

Any factor that can cause a birth defect

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22
Q

What are some common teratogens, and what effect do they have?

A

Alcohol: Fetal alcohol syndrome, learning difficulties, smaller than normal head.
Nicotine: Miscarriage, low birth weight, short stature, intellectual disability, learning disabilities.
Marijuana: Irritability, nervousness, tremors, easily disturbed or startled.
Caffeine: Miscarriage, low birth weight

23
Q

What is the fetal period?

A

The time from about eight weeks after fertilization until the birth of the child. In this stage the organism is called a fetus

24
Q

What reflexes are babies born with?

A

Sucking, rooting, Moro (startle), grasping and stepping.

25
Q

What are the motor milestones, and about when do they occur?

A 
Raising head and chest: 2 to 4 months
Rolling over: 2 to 5 months
Sitting up with support: 4 to 6 months
Sitting up without support: 6 to 7 months
Crawling: 7 to 8 months
Walking: 8 to 18 months
26
Q

Which sense is least developed at birth?

A

Sight

27
Q

What’s a good way to prevent infectious diseases in a newborn?

A

Immunizations.

28
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory scheme (plural schemas), a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events

29
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor stage: Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment
Preoperational stage: Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world
Concrete operations stage: third stage of cognitive development. in which the school-aged child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking
Formal operations: Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking

30
Q

What is object permanence?

A

The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight.

31
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

The inability to see the world through anyone elses eyes

32
Q

What is centration?

A

The tendency of a young child to focus on one feature an object, while ignoring other relevant features.

33
Q

What is conservation?

A

The ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature

34
Q

What is irreversibility?

A

The inablity of a young child to mentally reverse an action.

35
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

Process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

36
Q

What is ZPD?

A

Zone of proximal development. Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher

37
Q

What are the stages of language development?

A

Cooing
Babbling
One-word speech (holophrases)
Telegraphic speech

38
Q

What is temperament? What kinds of temperaments are there?

A

The behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth.
Easy, difficult and slow to warm up.

39
Q

What is attachment? What levels of attachment are there?

A

The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver

  • Secure: willing to explore; upset when mother departs, but easily soothed upon her return
  • Avoidant: unattached; explores without “touching base”
  • Ambivalent: insecurely attached; upset when mother leaves and then angry with mother upon her return
  • Disorganized-disoriented: insecurely attached and sometimes abused or neglected; child seems fearful, dazed, and depressed
40
Q

What are Erikson’s first 4 stages?

A
  1. Trust versus mistrust: first stage of personality development, in which the infant’s basic sense of trust or mistrust develops as a result of consistent or inconsistent care
  2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt: second stage of personality development, in which the toddler strives for physical independence
  3. Initiative versus guilt: third stage of personality development, in which the preschool-aged child strives for emotional and psychological independence and attempts to satisfy curiosity about the world
  4. Industry versus inferiority: fourth stage of personality development, in which the adolescent strives for a sense of competence and self-esteem
41
Q

What is gender? What is gender identity?

A

Gender: the behavior associated with being male or female

Gender identity: perception of one’s gender and the behavior that is associated with that gender

42
Q

What is the personal fable?

A

Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm

43
Q

What is the imaginary audience?

A

Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent’s thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are

44
Q

What is preconventional morality?

A

First level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, in which the child’s behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior

45
Q

What is conventional morality?

A

Second level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, in which the child’s behavior is governed by conforming to society’s norms of behavior

46
Q

What is postconventional morality?

A

Third level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. in which the person’s behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and which may be in disagreement with accepted social norms

47
Q

What are Erikson’s last 4 stages?

A
  1. Identity versus role confusion: fifth stage of personality development, in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self
  2. Intimacy versus isolation: The task facing those in early adulthood is to be able to share who they are with another person in a close, committed relationship
  3. Generativity versus stagnation: The challenge for those in middle adulthood is to be creative, productive and nurturant of the next generation
  4. Ego Integrity versus despair: The issue for those in late adulthood is whether a person will reach wisdom, spiritual tranquility, a sense of wholeness, and acceptance of his or her life.
48
Q

What is menopause?

A

The cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman’s reproductive capability. Occurs at about age 50

49
Q

What is andropause?

A

Gradual changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system of males.

50
Q

What is the activity theory?

A

Theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby

51
Q

What is the cellular clock theory?

A

Based on the idea that cells only have so many times that they can reproduce; once that limit is reached, damaged cells begin to accumulate

52
Q

What is the wear-and-tear theory?

A

As time goes by, repeated use and abuse of the body’s tissues cause it to be unable to repair all the damage

53
Q

What is the free radical theory?

A

Oxygen molecules with an unstable electron move around the cell, damaging cell structures as they go

54
Q

What are the stages of death and dying?

A
  • Denial
  • Anger
  • Bargaining
  • Depression
  • Acceptance

Psychology 2 (6 decks)

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