Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion* Flashcards
What are motives?
An internal force that leads an individual to behave in a particular way.
What is an instinct?
A genetically endowed tendency to behave in a particular manner.
What is homeostasis?
The body’s tendency to maintain internal equilibrium through various forms of self-regulation.
What is drive?
A state of internal bodily tension, such as hunger or thirst or need to sleep.
What is the pain matrix?
A distributed network of brain regions, including the amygdala, that respond to many types of pain.
What does NSSI stand for?
Non-suicidal self-injury.
What makes something intrinsically rewarding?
Something being pursued for its own sake.
What makes something extrinsically rewarding?
Something being pursued because of rewards that are not an inherent part of the activity.
What is the glucostatic hypothesis?
The hypothesis that hunger and eating are regulated by the body’s monitoring and adjustment of blood glucose levels.
What is the lipostatic hypothesis?
The hypothesis that adipose tissue plays an important role in governing hunger and regulating longer-term energy balance.
What is a body weight set point?
The weight an organism will seek to maintain despite alterations in dietary intake.
What is a metabolic rate?
The rate at which a body uses energy.
What is unit bias?
The amount of food that is regarded as a single serving.
What is anorexia nervosa?
An eating disorder characterized by an extreme concern with being overweight and by compulsive dieting, sometimes to the point of self-starvation.
What is bulimia nervosa?
An eating disorder characterized by repeated binge-and-purge bouts.
What is a binge-eating disorder?
An eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating without inappropriate compensatory behaviour.
What is the thrifty-gene hypothesis?
The evolutionary hypothesis that natural selection has favoured individuals with efficient metabolisms that maximize fat storage.
What is estrus?
A female mammal’s period of sexual receptivity.
What is the neurodevelopmental perspective?
This perspective holds that sexual orientation is built into the circuitry of the brain early in fetal development.
What is a performance orientation?
A motivational stance that focuses on performing well and looking smart.
What is a mastery orientation?
A motivational stance that focuses on learning and improving.
What is the hierarchy of motives?
The order in which needs are thought to become dominant. According to Abraham Maslow, people will strive to meet their higher-order needs, such as self-actualization or self-transendence, only when their lower, more basic needs like food and safety have been met.
What is on Maslow’s hierarchy of motives (from the bottom to the top)?
Physiological - hunger, thirst, warmth, shelter, air, sleep
Safety - Security, protection, freedom from threats
Belonging - acceptance, friendship
Esteem - good self-opinion, accomplishments, reputation
Self-actualization - living to full potential, achieving personal dreams and aspirations
Self-transcendence - cause beyond the self
What are Dweck’s three “basic needs”?
(1) The need for acceptance, (2) the need for predictability (an understanding of relationships among events and things in one’s world), and (3) the need for competence (the skills necessary for interacting successfully with the world around one)
