Chapter 9: Motivation And Emotion

Question 1

Motives

Answer 1

An internal force that leads an individual to behave in a particular way.

Question 2

Instinct

Answer 2

A genetically endowed tendency to behave in a particular way.

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

The body’s tendency to maintain internal equilibrium through various forms of self-regulation.

Question 4

Drive

Answer 4

A state of internal bodily tension, such as hunger or thirst or the need for sleep.

Question 5

Pain matrix

Answer 5

A distributed network of brain regions, including the amygdala, that respond to many types of pain.

Question 6

Intrinsically rewarding

Answer 6

Being pursued for its own sake.

Question 7

Extrinsically rewarding

Answer 7

Being pursued because of rewards that are not an inherent part of the activity or object.

Question 8

Glucostatic hypothesis

Answer 8

The hypothesis that hunger and eating are regulated by the body’s monitoring and adjustment of blood glucose levels.

Question 9

Lipostatic hypothesis

Answer 9

The hypothesis that adipose tissue plays an important role in governing hunger and regulating longer-term energy balance.

Question 10

Body weight set point

Answer 10

The weight an organism will seek to maintain despite alterations in dietary intake.

Question 11

Metabolic rate

Answer 11

The rate at which the body uses energy.

Question 12

Unit bias

Answer 12

The amount of food that is regarded as a single serving.

Question 13

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 13

An eating disorder characterized by an extreme concern with being overweight and by compulsive dieting, sometimes to the point of self-starvation

Question 14

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 14

An eating disorder characterized by repeated binge-and-purge bouts.

Question 15

Binge-eating-disorder

Answer 15

An eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating without inappropriate compensatory behaviour

Question 16

Body mass index (BMI)

Answer 16

A measure of whether someone is at a healthy weight or not; BMI is calculated as one’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of one’s height in meters.

Question 17

Thrifty gene hypothesis

Answer 17

The evolutionary hypothesis that natural selection has favoured individuals with efficient metabolisms that maximize fat storage.

Question 18

Estrus

Answer 18

A female mammal’s period of sexual receptivity

Question 19

Neurodevelopment perspective

Answer 19

This perspective holds that sexual orientation is built into the circuitry of brain early in fetal development

Question 20

Performance orientation

Answer 20

A motivational stance that focuses on performing well and looking smart.

Question 21

Mastery orientation

Answer 21

A motivational stance that focuses on learning and improving.

Question 22

Hierarchy of motives

Answer 22

The order in which needs are thought to become dominant. According to Abraham Maslow, people will strive to meet their higher-order needs, such as self-actualization and self-transcendence, only when their lower, more basic needs like food and safety have been met.

Question 23

Self-actualization

Answer 23

The desire to realize one’s full potential.

Question 24

Self-transcendence

Answer 24

The desire to further a cause that goes beyond the self .

Question 25

Emotion

Answer 25

The coordinated behaviours, feelings, and physiological changes that occur when a situation becomes relevant to our personal goals.

Question 26

Display rules

Answer 26

Cultural rules that govern the expression of emotion.

Question 27

Discrete emotions approach

Answer 27

An approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on specific emotions such as anger, fear, and pride.

Question 28

Dimensional approach

Answer 28

An approach to analyzing emotions and focuses on dimensions such as pleasantness and activation.

Question 29

Alexithymia

Answer 29

An extreme difficulty in identifying and labeling one’s emotions.

Question 30

Happiness set point

Answer 30

The level of happiness that is characteristic of a given individual.

Question 31

Adaptation

Answer 31

A phenomenon whereby an individual stops noticing a stimulus that remains constant over time, resulting in enhanced detection of stimulus changes.

Question 32

James-Lange theory

Answer 32

The theory that the subjective experience of emotion is the awareness of one’s. own bodily reactions in the presence of certain arousing stimuli.

Question 33

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 33

The theory that a stimulus elicits an emotion by triggering a particular response in the brain (in the thalamus), which then causes both the physiological changes associated with the emotional experience itself.

Question 34

Schachter-Singer theory

Answer 34

The theory that emotion arises from the interpretation of bodily responses in the context of situational cues.

Question 35

Empathy

Answer 35

The capacity to accurately track what others are feeling.

Question 36

Affect-as-information perspective

Answer 36

The idea that affective states play an important role in shaping problem-solving and decision making.

Question 37

Self-control

Answer 37

The attempt to modify automatic or “default” responses in a particular situation

Question 38

Willpower

Answer 38

The ability to engage in self-control.

Question 39

Strength model of ego control

Answer 39

According to this model, self-regulatory efforts draw on a finite pool of cognitive resources. Repeated self- regulatory demands may deplete these resources, leading to failures of self-control.

Question 40

Ego depletion

Answer 40

A state of diminished self-regulatory ability due to repeated demands on cognitive resources required for self-regulation

Question 41

Emotion regulation

Answer 41

An attempt to modify one or more aspects of the emotion-response trajectory

Question 42

Situation modification

Answer 42

Changing one or more aspects of a situation you are in so it has a different emotional impact for you.

Question 43

Attentional deployment

Answer 43

Changing your attentional focus.

Question 44

Cognitive change

Answer 44

Modifying your thinking to change how you feel.

Question 45

Response modulation

Answer 45

Changing one or more aspects of your emotional responses.

Question 46

Reappraisal

Answer 46

A type of emotion regulation that involves altering the meaning of a potentially emotion-eliciting situation in order to alter one’s emotional response to that situation.

Question 47

Suppression

Answer 47

A type of emotion regulation that involves inhibiting one’s ongoing emotion-expressive behaviour.