Chapter 9: Motivation And Emotion Flashcards
Motives
An internal force that leads an individual to behave in a particular way.
Instinct
A genetically endowed tendency to behave in a particular way.
Homeostasis
The body’s tendency to maintain internal equilibrium through various forms of self-regulation.
Drive
A state of internal bodily tension, such as hunger or thirst or the need for sleep.
Pain matrix
A distributed network of brain regions, including the amygdala, that respond to many types of pain.
Intrinsically rewarding
Being pursued for its own sake.
Extrinsically rewarding
Being pursued because of rewards that are not an inherent part of the activity or object.
Glucostatic hypothesis
The hypothesis that hunger and eating are regulated by the body’s monitoring and adjustment of blood glucose levels.
Lipostatic hypothesis
The hypothesis that adipose tissue plays an important role in governing hunger and regulating longer-term energy balance.
Body weight set point
The weight an organism will seek to maintain despite alterations in dietary intake.
Metabolic rate
The rate at which the body uses energy.
Unit bias
The amount of food that is regarded as a single serving.
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by an extreme concern with being overweight and by compulsive dieting, sometimes to the point of self-starvation
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by repeated binge-and-purge bouts.
Binge-eating-disorder
An eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating without inappropriate compensatory behaviour
Body mass index (BMI)
A measure of whether someone is at a healthy weight or not; BMI is calculated as one’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of one’s height in meters.
Thrifty gene hypothesis
The evolutionary hypothesis that natural selection has favoured individuals with efficient metabolisms that maximize fat storage.
Estrus
A female mammal’s period of sexual receptivity
Neurodevelopment perspective
This perspective holds that sexual orientation is built into the circuitry of brain early in fetal development
Performance orientation
A motivational stance that focuses on performing well and looking smart.
Mastery orientation
A motivational stance that focuses on learning and improving.
Hierarchy of motives
The order in which needs are thought to become dominant. According to Abraham Maslow, people will strive to meet their higher-order needs, such as self-actualization and self-transcendence, only when their lower, more basic needs like food and safety have been met.
Self-actualization
The desire to realize one’s full potential.
Self-transcendence
The desire to further a cause that goes beyond the self .
Emotion
The coordinated behaviours, feelings, and physiological changes that occur when a situation becomes relevant to our personal goals.
Display rules
Cultural rules that govern the expression of emotion.
Discrete emotions approach
An approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on specific emotions such as anger, fear, and pride.
Dimensional approach
An approach to analyzing emotions and focuses on dimensions such as pleasantness and activation.
Alexithymia
An extreme difficulty in identifying and labeling one’s emotions.
Happiness set point
The level of happiness that is characteristic of a given individual.
Adaptation
A phenomenon whereby an individual stops noticing a stimulus that remains constant over time, resulting in enhanced detection of stimulus changes.
James-Lange theory
The theory that the subjective experience of emotion is the awareness of one’s. own bodily reactions in the presence of certain arousing stimuli.
Cannon-Bard theory
The theory that a stimulus elicits an emotion by triggering a particular response in the brain (in the thalamus), which then causes both the physiological changes associated with the emotional experience itself.
Schachter-Singer theory
The theory that emotion arises from the interpretation of bodily responses in the context of situational cues.
Empathy
The capacity to accurately track what others are feeling.
Affect-as-information perspective
The idea that affective states play an important role in shaping problem-solving and decision making.
Self-control
The attempt to modify automatic or “default” responses in a particular situation
Willpower
The ability to engage in self-control.
Strength model of ego control
According to this model, self-regulatory efforts draw on a finite pool of cognitive resources. Repeated self- regulatory demands may deplete these resources, leading to failures of self-control.
Ego depletion
A state of diminished self-regulatory ability due to repeated demands on cognitive resources required for self-regulation
Emotion regulation
An attempt to modify one or more aspects of the emotion-response trajectory
Situation modification
Changing one or more aspects of a situation you are in so it has a different emotional impact for you.
Attentional deployment
Changing your attentional focus.
Cognitive change
Modifying your thinking to change how you feel.
Response modulation
Changing one or more aspects of your emotional responses.
Reappraisal
A type of emotion regulation that involves altering the meaning of a potentially emotion-eliciting situation in order to alter one’s emotional response to that situation.
Suppression
A type of emotion regulation that involves inhibiting one’s ongoing emotion-expressive behaviour.
