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Introduction To Psychology > Chapter 7: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

The capacity to store and retrieve information in order to facilitate learning.

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2
Q

Encoding

A

The process of taking information from the world, including our internal thoughts and feelings, and converting it to memories.

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3
Q

Storage

A

The maintenance of information in the brain for later access.

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of bringing to mind previously encoded and stored information.

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5
Q

Multistore model of memory

A

A model proposing that information flows from our senses through three storage levels in memory: sensory, short term, and long term.

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6
Q

Sensory memory

A

A storage level of memory that holds sensory information on the order of milliseconds to seconds.

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7
Q

Short-term memory

A

A storage level of memory where information can be held briefly, from seconds to less than a minute.

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8
Q

Long-term memory

A

A storage level of memory where information can be held for hours to many years and potentially a lifetime.

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9
Q

Iconic memory

A

A rapidly decaying store of visual sensory information

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10
Q

Echoic memory

A

A rapidly decaying store of auditory sensory information.

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11
Q

Chunking

A

The process of grouping stimuli together in chunks in working memory to increase the amount of information stored in short-term memory.

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12
Q

Working memory

A

A component of memory that allows for both the short-term storage and manipulation of information in real time.

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13
Q

Rehearsal

A

The holding of information in the brain through mental repetition.

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14
Q

Amnesia

A

The loss of memory due to brain damage or trauma.

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15
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

The inability to transfer information from short+term to long-term memory, preventing new long-term memories from forming.

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16
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

A form of amnesia in which access to memories prior to brain damage is impaired, but the individual can store new experiences in long-term memory.

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17
Q

Levels of processing

A

The multiple levels at which encoding can occur, ranging from shallow to deep.

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18
Q

Shallow encoding

A

Encoding based on sensory characteristics, such as how something looks or sounds.

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19
Q

Deep encoding

A

Encoding based on an event’s meaning as well as connections between the new event and past experience.

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20
Q

Self-referential encoding

A

Encoding based on an event’s relation to our self-concept, which leads to enhanced memory for the event.

21
Q

Explicit memory

A

A form of memory that involves intentional and conscious remembering.

22
Q

Implicit memory

A

A form of memory that occurs without intentional recollection or awareness and can be measured indirectly through the influence of prior learning on behaviour.

23
Q

Procedural memory

A

A type of implicit memory related to the acquisition of skills.

24
Q

Priming

A

The increased ability to process a stimulus because of previous exposure.

25
Q

Affective conditioning

A

A form of conditioning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires positive or negative value.

26
Q

Episodic memory

A

The explicit recollection of personal experience that requires piecing together the elements of that time and place.

27
Q

Semantic memory

A

Explicit memory supporting knowledge about the world, including concepts and facts.

28
Q

Retrospective memory

A

Memory for things we have done in the past.

29
Q

Prospective memory

A

Memory for things we need to do in the future.

30
Q

Consolidation

A

The process whereby memory storage is integrated and becomes stable in the brain.

31
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Reactivation of consolidation by retrieving a memory, making the memory susceptible to change.

32
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

A mechanism that creates enduring synaptic connections, which results in increased transmission between neurons.

33
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

A vivid memory for an emotionally significant event, though to be permanent and detailed, as it frozen in time like a photograph.

34
Q

Free recall

A

Accessing information from memory without any cues to aid your retrieval.

35
Q

Retrieval cues

A

Information related to stored memories that helps bring the memories back to mind.

36
Q

Cued recall

A

A form of retrieval that is facilitated by providing information related to the stored memory .

37
Q

Recognition

A

A form of retrieval that relies on identifying previously seen or experienced information.

38
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

The idea that retrieval is best when the present context recreates the context in which information was initially encoded.

39
Q

State-dependent retrieval

A

The increased likelihood of remembering when a person is in the same state during both encoding and retrieval.

40
Q

Mood-dependent retrieval

A

The increased likelihood of remembering when a person is in the same mood during both encoding and retrieval.

41
Q

Forgetting curve

A

The retention of information over various delay times.

42
Q

Retroactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

43
Q

Proactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

44
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

A failure to retrieve information despite confidence that it is stored in memory.

45
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

Willful forgetting of information so that it is less likely to be retrieved later.

46
Q

Misinformation effect

A

The decreased accuracy of episodic memories because of information provided after the event.

47
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

The inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories from the first few years of life.

48
Q

Reminiscence bump

A

A time prominent memory making between adolescence and early adulthood.

49
Q

Spacing effect

A

The enhanced ability to remember information when encoding is disrupted over time.

Introduction To Psychology (13 decks)

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