Chapter 9 Motivation Flashcards
Intrinsic/extrinsic Motivation/ etc
What is Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation?
Intrinsic - Behaviour motivated by self expression/ interest (E.G reading a book due to interest, studying to improve)
Extrinsic - Behaviour Motivated external reward (Threat of punishment / promise of reward)
What are Content and Process theories?
Content - Content of work be design to best meet needs which motivate workers (Maslow, Herzberg)
Process - Motivation is a result of individual process of perception, comparison and calculation
(Equity theory, expectancy)
What is McCelland’s theory of acquired needs?
Splits needs of employees into three categories rather than two in herzbergs theory
Achievement, Affiliation, Power
Employees who are achievement motivated are driven by desire for mastery
Affiliation - Desire to create & maintain social relationships
Power- desire to influence, teach and encourage others
All people are motivated by all 3
What is Adams equity theory (1963)?
Suggests motivation is driven by sense of fairness (Comes from relation between efforts inputted and rewards we receive compared to others
- If people feel under-rewarded in comparison to others, they feel anger and may redress balance (Negotiating pay rise / Decrease effort)
- Overrewarded - Feel guilty, choose to work harder
What is Vroom’s expectancy theory (1964) ?
Examines how individuals link actions to how they will help them achieve specific goals
Suggests 3 elements that will motivate a person towards a particular behaviour and away from other potential ones
Expectancy - Belief that an effort leads to a particular outcome
Instrumentality - Belief that outcome will attract an reward
Valence - Value that individual attaches to said reward
V x I x E
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (SESSP)?
Arranged a hierarchy of needs (Internal forces necessary for growth) that are factors that induce motivation to fufill human needs
Self Actualisation - Achievement of ultimate potential and creativity (Maslow believes we are fitted for this)
Esteem Need for status/recognition/respect
Social /Belonginess - Love, affection, belongingness
Safety - Need for safety, physical health, security
Psychological needs - Basic physical needs (Food & water)
What is the Orientation to work (Goldthorpe 1968)?
We bring different attitudes to work (Orientation to work) based on culture social environment and life history
Instrumental Orientation - Working just for pay
Bureaucratic orientation - Loyalty to org in return for career progress (Social identity carried into outside world, promotion in org is seen as marker of status in outside world)
Solidaristic orientation - Derives from membership of a group rather than individual status (Solidarity between workers)
What is Behaviourism and Motivation?
Behaviourism - Suggests behaviour can be changed through the use of reward and punishment, a stimulus response (to encourage some form of behaviour or response)
What is the Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene model (2 factor theory)
Content theory
Designed two factors of motivation that are essential to providing satisfaction and motivation to workers in the workplace
Motivating factors - Factors that have potential to increase satisfaction of worker, largely intrinsic (pay rise, recognition for achievements)
Hygiene - factors that cannot increase satisfaction, but cannot be ignored, if ignored can cause dissatisfaction (Comp policy, interpersonal relation)
Satisfaction comes from design of work that minimises hygiene and maximises motivators
Job rotation - Worker moves between different tasks in work process rather than 1 repetitive task
Job enlargement - Worker given several tasks at same level of difficulty
What is Behaviour modification?
If a particular pattern of behaviour is rewarded, it will occur more often
What is Job design & Job satisfaction?
Job satisfaction - When people are satisfied with their jobs
What’s motivation?
Multi faceted, individual phenomenon which is a driving force for peoples actions
What is Locke’s Goal (1990) theory?
Underpins many work practices, argues that goals need to
Be Specific (No vague phrases such as do your best)
Have targets (Work harder when goal set)
Set incentives (Doing well on degree)
Use feedback (Using positive feedback at start, negative at end)
Be owned (Those who have goal feel like its theirs
Latham’s type of goals(PLBAS)
Performance (Only when employee has experience)
Learning (When employees need to develop skills)
Behavioural (When goals require no learning)
Attitudinal (Staying positive)
Subconscious primed (Subconscious shapes behaviour)
