Chapter 9: Molecular Biology

Question 1

What’s another name for germ cells

Answer 1

Gametes

Question 2

Based on the number of chromosomes present, cells are often categorized in two ways. List the ways.

Answer 2

Diploid cells

Haploid cells

Question 3

Diploid cells

Answer 3

These cells have chromosomes that are paired. commonly known as somatic cells and make up all tissues throughout the body..

Question 4

Haploid cells

Answer 4

Single chromosomes that are not paired. The only haploid cells are ovum and spermatid.

Question 5

Genotype

Answer 5

The genetic make-up of an organism(sum of all it’s genes).

Question 6

Phenotype

Answer 6

Its actual physical or behavioral characteristics, ie height, weight, hair color, and so on.

Question 7

Mutation

Answer 7

A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

Question 8

DNA

Answer 8

Deoxyribonucleic Acid is a polymer, composed of a series of chemical subunits(nucleotides) linked together.

Question 9

What is each nucleotide composed of?

Answer 9

A sugar(deoxyribose), a nitrogen-containing base attached to the sugar and a phosphate group.

Question 10

List the four types of nucleotides

Answer 10

Adenosine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C) and Thymine(T)

Question 11

What are the complementary pairings of the nucleotides?

Answer 11

Adenine-Thymine

Cytosine-Guanine

Question 12

How is the backbone of DNA arranged?

Answer 12

Phosphate group-sugar-phosphate group-sugar

Question 13

RNA

Answer 13

Ribonucleic Acid: composed of a long polymer of a simple sugar attached to a phosphate group and to a nitrogenous base.

Question 14

What is the sugar in RNA

Answer 14

Ribose

Question 15

What base in RNA is different from DNA and what base did it replace?

Answer 15

Uracil(U) and replaces thymine

Question 16

RNA is _____-stranded

Answer 16

Single

Question 17

Replication

Answer 17

A parent cell divides into two daughter cells, the DNA must e duplicated before cell division in order to have identical genetic make-up.

Question 18

Mitosis

Answer 18

The process in which a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits into two identical cells, followed by division of the parent cell into two daughter cells.

Question 19

Meiosis

Answer 19

Diploid cells in the ovaries and testes undergo a form of cell division. This results in haploid ova and spermatids

Question 20

Ovum+Sperm=

Answer 20

Zygote

Question 21

What are the two steps that allow cells to read genes and produce amino acids?

Answer 21

Transcription and translation

Question 22

Describe the steps of transcription and translation

Answer 22

1. The first step of gene expression is transcription in which RNA is made from a DNA template.
2. The second step is translation, which is the process of messenger RNA (mRNA) being translated into amino acids of a protein; this is protein synthesis.

Question 23

Restriction enzymes

Answer 23

Special enzymes that are added to DNA to cut the DNA into smaller pieces. Used when scientists are interested in only one or two genes.

Question 24

Electrophoresis

Answer 24

A technique that separates a mixture of DNA pieces of different lengths.