Chapter 8: Biochemistry and Nutrition and Feed

Question 1

Define Biochemistry

Answer 1

The study of the chemical compounds and the complex chemical reactions that occur within a living biological system. I.e: inorganic molecules(water), elementes(sodium and potassium), and the major organic biomolecules(carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid)

Question 2

List 4 types of carbohydrates

Answer 2

Monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 3

Define monosaccharide

Answer 3

Simple sugar

Question 4

Define Disaccharide

Answer 4

2 monosaccharides joined

Question 5

Define Oligosaccharide

Answer 5

Three to ten monosaccharides linked

Question 6

Define polysaccharide

Answer 6

Hundreds of monosaccharides combined to form a large compound

Question 7

Examples of monosaccharides

Answer 7

Glucose, fructose, galactose and ribose

Question 8

Glucose

Answer 8

aka dextrose: the primary source of energy used by the body for all metabolic processes and can be converted to glycogen, a polysaccharide used for storage in the body.

Question 9

Examples of disaccharides

Answer 9

Maltose, sucrose and lactose

Question 10

Lactose

Answer 10

Mammalian milk, one unit of glucose and one unit of galactose

Question 11

Sucrose

Answer 11

Table sugar, one glucose unit bonded to one unit of fructose

Question 12

Maltose

Answer 12

Major carb in malt, consists of two glucose units bound together

Question 13

Oligosaccharides are components of what?

Answer 13

Glycoproteins(compounds made up of carbs and proteins)

Glycolipids(an oligosaccharide atta

Question 14

Lipids include a diverse group of organic compounds such as:

Answer 14

Fatty acids, phopholipids and steroids

Question 15

Common types of lipids in biological systems

Answer 15

Fatty acids, glycerides, nonglycerides, and complex lipids

Question 16

Triglycerides

Answer 16

the main constituents of animal fats, such as those found in butter, red meat, and poultry, as well as vegetable oils, such as corn, peanut, safflower, and olive oils.

Question 17

List the different categories of proteins

Answer 17

Structural proteins, Enzymes, Regulatory proteins, Transport proteins, Hormones, Protective Proteins, Toxins

Question 18

Structural proteins

Answer 18

which make up things like the fibers inside muscle cells and the outer coating of some viruses. They are often laid down in sheet-like layers or spiral strands. I.e. Keratin and Collagen

Question 19

Enzymes

Answer 19

biological catalysts, which perform work of chemical reactions in cells. Enzymes may be solubilized in the cell’s cytoplasm, or contained in cellular organelles, in tissue fluids, or in digestive juices. Enzymes may also be integrated in the membranes of cells and their organelles. I.e. Lipase and protease

Question 20

Regulatory proteins

Answer 20

Help turn certain chemical reactions on or off, such as in regulation of gene expression. I.e. anti-inflammatory cytokines

Question 21

Transport proteins

Answer 21

Membrane proteins that transport substances into and out of the cells. Hemoglobin carries oxygen to the cells. LDL/HDL transport cholesterol in the blood stream

Question 22

Hormones

Answer 22

regulate body function, two classes of protein hormones: monoamines(adrenaline, dopamine and serotonin) and peptide hormones(insulin and thyroid regulating hormone)

Question 23

Protective proteins

Answer 23

“bodyguards” protecting cells from attack by foreign substances. I.e. antibodies and the complement cascade

Question 24

Toxins

Answer 24

i.e. snake venom

Question 25

Collagen

Answer 25

the most abundant protein in the mammalian organism, comprising about one-third of the total protein content. Bone, tendon, cornea and other connective tissues

Question 26

Amino Acids

Answer 26

The building blocks of proteins.

Question 27

Peptide

Answer 27

short chains of up to about 100 amino acids.

Question 28

Polypeptide

Answer 28

also called proteins, are longer chains of amino acids.

Question 29

How many common amino acids are there?

Answer 29

20

Question 30

Vitamins

Answer 30

Compounds that are essential in small amounts for the body to carry on it’s normal metabolic activity.

Question 31

Seven macrominerals

Answer 31

calcium (Ca),
phosphorus (P),
magnesium (Mg),
sodium (Na),
potassium (K),
chlorine (Cl), and
sulfur (S).

Question 32

Fiber

Answer 32

AKA roughage, is a form of carbohydrate which is indigestible to monogastrics and provides bulk for the digestive track contents.

Question 33

Wat are the two types of feed formulation?

Answer 33

Fixed formulation and managed formulation

Question 34

Fixed formulation

Answer 34

the combination of ingredients is fixed such that every batch of formula made will have the exact same level of each ingredient as the previous lot.

Question 35

Managed formulation

Answer 35

Accounts for this natural ingredient variation by allowing small differences in ingredient inclusion from one batch of diet to another.