Chapter 9 - Manipulation and Improvement of Memory

Question 1

What are the 3 measures of retention?

Answer 1

• Recall
• Recognition
• Relearning

Question 2

Define Recall

Answer 2

Reproducing information stored in memory.

Question 3

What are the 3 types of Recall?

Answer 3

• Free Recall
• Serial Recall
• Cued Recall

Question 4

Define Free Recall

Answer 4

Reproducing as much information as possible in mo particular order.

Question 5

Define Serial Recall

Answer 5

Reproducing information in the order in which it was presented.

Question 6

Define Cued Recall

Answer 6

The use of specific prompts to aid retrieval and therefore reproduction of the required information.

Question 7

Define Recognition

Answer 7

Identifying the correct information from among other alternatives.

Question 8

Define Relearning

Answer 8

Learning information again that has been previously learned and stored in LTM.

Question 9

What is the savings formula?

Answer 9

(no of trials for _ ( no of trials
original learning) for relearning) x 100
——————————————————— ——
(no. of trials for original learning) 1

Question 10

What is the savings score formula?

Answer 10

(time for _ (time for
original learning) relearning) x 100
——————————————————— ——
(time for original learning) 1

Question 11

What is the order of most to least sensitive of the measures of retention?

Answer 11

• Relearning
• Recognition
• Recall

Question 12

What is the order of most to least sensitive of the types of Recall?

Answer 12

• Cued Recall
• Free Recall
• Serial Recall

Question 13

Define Context Dependent Cues

Answer 13

Environmental cues in the specific situation where a memory was formed that act as retrieval cues to help access the memories formed in that context.

Question 14

Define State Dependent Cues

Answer 14

Associated with an individual’s internal physiological and/or psychological state at the time the memory was formed, and act as retrieval cues to help access those memories.

Question 15

What are some ways to improve memory using Mnemonic Devices?

Answer 15

• Acronyms
• Acrostics
• Narrative Chaining

Question 16

Define Mnemonic Devices

Answer 16

Techniques for improving or enhancing memory.

Question 17

Define Acronyms

Answer 17

Pronounceable words formed from the first letters of a sequence of words.

Question 18

Define Acrostics

Answer 18

Making verbal associations for items to be remembered by constructing phrases or sentences using the first letters of the information to be remembered.

Question 19

Define Narrative Chaining

Answer 19

Linking otherwise unrelated items to one another to form a meaningful sequence or story.

Question 20

Define Leading Question

Answer 20

A question that has content or is phrased in such a way as to suggest what answer is desired or to lead to a desired answer.

Question 21

Define Reconstruction

Answer 21

Reconstruction of memory is done with no conscious awareness of it happening.

Question 22

Define Eyewitness

Answer 22

People who have seen an event and are required to report on that event.

Question 23

Define Presupposition

Answer 23

Information that should or must be true for the question to make sense.

Question 24

Who researched leading questions and eyewitness testimonies?

Answer 24

Elizabeth Loftus.