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Psych Unit 3 > Chapter 3 - Sleep > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Sleep

A

A regularly occurring Altered State of Consciousness that typically occurs spontaneously and it primarily characterised by a loss of conscious awareness.

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2
Q

What are 4 reasons sleep is considered an ASC?

A
  • A distorted sense of time
  • Less self control
  • Perceptual and cognitive distortions
  • Fewer content limitations
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3
Q

Define Polysomnography

A

An intensive study of a sleeping person involving simultaneous monitoring and recording of various psychological responses of the sleeper during the course of the night.

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4
Q

What does an Electroencephalograph (EEG) do?

A

Detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the brain during sleep and

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5
Q

What does an Electomyograph (EMG) do?

A

Detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of muscles.

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6
Q

What does an Electo-oculograph (EOG) do?

A

Detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of muscles around the eyes.

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7
Q

What are methods used to study sleep?

A
  • EEG, EMG, EOG
  • Heart rate and body temperature
  • GSR
  • Video monitoring
  • Self reports
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8
Q

How do heart rate and body temp change when someone falls asleep?

A
  • Body temperature drops

- Heart rate slows, but may change due to nightmares or dreams

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9
Q

What can Video Monitoring record?

A
  • Levels of alertness
  • Movement in the night
  • How long it takes a person to go to sleep
  • Waking during the night
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10
Q

What is good about Video Monitoring?

A

Recorded in real time and allows other responses to be analysed at a later time.

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11
Q

What is a Self Report?

A

Commonly used in sleep studies, particularly sleep diaries or sleep logs.

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12
Q

Define Sleep Diaries

A

A self reported record of an individual’s sleep and waking time activities, usually over a period of several weeks.

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13
Q

What are the two states of sleep?

A
  • NREM Sleep (Non-Rapid Eye Movement)

- REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement)

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14
Q

How long does a cycle of NREM Sleep last?

A

45-60 minutes.

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15
Q

What are some things commonly recorded in a sleep diary?

A
  • Time when trying to fall asleep
  • Time when it is believed sleep onset occurred
  • Number, time and length of awakenings during sleep
  • Time of waking up in the morning
  • Time of getting up after waking up in the morning
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16
Q

Define Frequency

A

Describes the number of brain waves.

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17
Q

Define Amplitude

A

Describes the intensity of the brain waves and is estimated by the size of the waves.

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18
Q

How many stages of NREM sleep are there?

A

4

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19
Q

What are some important things to remember about a normal nights sleep?

A
  • REM sleep becomes more frequent and stages last longer

- Stages 3 and 4 of NREM become less frequent as the night progresses with them stopping completely after a few hours

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20
Q

When is someone considered to be truly asleep?

A

When Sleep Spindles and K-Complexes can be seen, during NREM Stage 2.

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21
Q

When do Beta waves occur?

A

When an individual is awake.

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22
Q

When do Alpha waves occur?

A

When an individual is resting/relaxing, Hypnogogic state

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23
Q

Explain Hypnongogic State

A

The transition period from being awake to being asleep. Alpha waves are present, characterised by slow, rolling eye movements.

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24
Q

What type of brain waves are present during NREM Stage 1? Describe frequency and amplitude.

A

A mixture of Alpha and Theta brain waves.

High frequency, low amplitude.

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25
Q

What type of brain waves are present during NREM Stage 2?` Describe frequency and amplitude.

A

Mostly Theta waves with occasional K-Complexes and Sleep Spindles.
Medium frequency, mixture of high and low amplitude, mainly moderate amplitude.

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26
Q

Explain when Sleep Spindles occur and describe their frequency and amplitude

A

Occur when an individual is truly asleep.

Very high frequency, high amplitude.

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27
Q

Explain when K-Complexes occur and describe their frequency and amplitude

A

Occur when an individual is truly asleep.

Medium/low frequency, very high amplitude.

28
Q

What type of brain waves are present during NREM Stage 3?` Describe frequency and amplitude.

A

Mostly Theta and Delta waves.

Medium/low frequency, high amplitude.

29
Q

What type of brain waves are present during NREM Stage 4?` Describe frequency and amplitude.

A

Over 50% Delta waves with some Theta waves.

Low frequency, very high amplitude.

30
Q

What type of brain waves are present during REM?` Describe frequency and amplitude.

A

Irregular high frequency low amplitude waves, like beta waves.

31
Q

What is a sensation that may be experienced during NREM Stage 1?

A

A spasm called an Hypnic Jerk.

32
Q

When does Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) begin?

A

During NREM Stage 3, continues throughout Stage 4.

33
Q

What stage of sleep is the deepest?

A

NREM Stage 4

34
Q

When do things such as sleep walking, talking and nightmares occur?

A

Generally during Stages 3 or 4.

35
Q

Describe Sleep Inertia

A

Post-awakening mental lag.

36
Q

Explain why REM sleep is often described as being Paradoxical Sleep

A

The sleeper appears paralysed, internally the body and brain are active, while externally the body appears calm and inactive. Thought to prevent us from acting out our dreams, thereby minimising any potential harm.

37
Q

When does dreaming occur most?

A

During REM sleep.

38
Q

What percentage of sleeping time do newborns experience REM sleep?

A

Approximately 50%

39
Q

What percentage of sleeping time do adolescents and adults experience REM sleep?

A

Approximately 20-30%

40
Q

What stages of sleep do the elderly rarely experience?

A

NREM Stage 3 and 4, they also wake more often and experience less REM sleep.

41
Q

Why do babies require so much REM sleep?

A

They require a lot of REM sleep so their brain and body can develop.

42
Q

How much sleep do adolescence require?

A

9 hours

43
Q

Explain Circadian Rythym

A

Each day the body goes through a cycle during which hormones are produced to control body functions.

44
Q

Define Sleep-Wake Cycle Shift

A

Hormonally induced shift of the body clock forward by about 1 to 2 hours, making the adolescent sleepier later, it affects an adolescent’s ability to fall asleep at the earlier times expected of them as a child.

45
Q

Define Sleep Debt

A

Accumulated nightly sleep that has not been experienced, it is owed and need to be made up.

46
Q

Define Sleep Deprivation

A

Someone has gone without necessary sleep.

47
Q

Define Partial Sleep Deprivation

A

Involves having less sleep than what is normally required.

48
Q

Define Total Sleep Deprivation

A

Involves not having any sleep at all.

49
Q

What are some physiological changes that may become present due to Partial Sleep Deprivation?

A
  • Tiredness
  • Lack of energy
  • Impaired motor skills
  • Occasional headaches
50
Q

What happened to rats when the were totally sleep deprived?

A

They were unable to maintain a constant body temperature resulting in their deaths.

51
Q

Why do studies on Total Sleep Deprivation have to rely on convenience samples?

A

Because conducting a study in which participants were totally sleep deprived would be considered unethical.

52
Q

What are some psychological changes that may become present due to Total Sleep Deprivation?

A
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Depression
  • Sleep disorders
  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Paranoia
53
Q

What are some psychological changes that may become present due to Partial Sleep Deprivation?

A
  • Lapses in attention
  • Inability to concentrate for long periods of time
  • A low level of motivation
  • Loss of interest and enjoyment in previously enjoyed activities
  • Irritability
54
Q

What are some physiological changes that may become present due to Total Sleep Deprivation?

A
  • Hand tremors
  • Drooping eyelids
  • Difficulty focusing the eyes
  • Lack of energy and strength
  • Slurred speech
  • Increased sensitivity to pain
55
Q

When do Microsleeps begin occurring?

A

After three of four days of Total Sleep Deprivation.

56
Q

Define microsleep

A

A very short period of drowsiness or sleeping that occurs while the person is apparently awake. A person has no control over whether or not they experience a microsleep and will generally have no recollection of one.

57
Q

What are the two proposed Theories of why we experience sleep?

A
  • Restoration

- Survival

58
Q

Define the Restorative Theory

A

Proposes that sleep provides ‘time out’ to help us recover from depleting activities during waking time that use up the body’s physical and mental resources.

59
Q

What are some pieces of evidence that support the Restorative Theory?

A
  • Feeling refreshed in the morning
  • People sleep longer during illness
  • Growth hormones which promote repair in the body are secreted at a much higher rate when asleep than awake.
  • Athletes sleep significantly longer and deeper after participating in a race.
60
Q

Define REM Rebound

A

Involves catching up on REM sleep immediately following a period of lost REM sleep by spending more time than usual in REM sleep when next asleep.

61
Q

What is a limitation of the Restorative Theory?

A

We would expect that a physically disabled person confined to bed would sleep less than a physically active person, but this is not the case.

62
Q

Define the Survival Theory of sleep

A

Proposes that sleep evolved to enhance survival by protecting an organism through making it inactive during part of the day when it is most risky or dangerous to move about.
Once an organism has fulfilled all its survival functions such as eating, drinking, caring for its young and reproducing, it must spend the rest of its time conserving energy, hidden and protected from predators.

63
Q

How does sleep protect an organism from potential predators or harm?

A

Less likely to attract attention when asleep.

64
Q

What has research found about animal’s sleep patterns?

A
  • Animals with fewer predators, or means in which they can stay away from potential predators are likely to spend more time asleep.
  • Grazing animals have very little sleep per day as they need to be aware of predators.
65
Q

Why do humans sleep at night?

A

We are highly visual animals that require light to do things necessary for survival.

66
Q

What is a critisism of the Survival Theory?

A

Does not explain why sleep involves a loss of awareness, since the loss of consciousness during sleep may place the organism at greater risk. While asleep, the organism’s senses are less attuned to the environment and muscles are in a relaxed state - not ready to respond to danger.

67
Q

What does DARE stand for?

A

Detects, Amplifies and Records Electrical activity…

Psych Unit 3 (10 decks)

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