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Psych Unit 3 > Chapter 4 - The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - The Central Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Compromises of the brain and spinal cord. The Spinal cord connects the brain and the PNS.

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2
Q

Define Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Includes all parts of the nervous system that lie outside the brain and the spinal cord. It links the CNS to all other parts of the body, carrying messages to and from the CNS.

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3
Q

What are the two subsystems of the PNS?

A

The Autonomic Nervous System and the Somatic Nervous System.

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4
Q

What are the two subsystems of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems.

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5
Q

Define Cerebral Cortex

A

Involved with information-processing activities such as perception, language, learning, memory, thinking and problem-solving. It is also involved with the planning and control of voluntary bodily movements.

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6
Q

How think is the cerebral cortex?

A

2-4 millimetres thick.

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7
Q

What is the relationship between the size of a species cerebral cortex and intellectual ability?

A

It is believed that the size of an organisms cerebral cortex is directly linked to intellectual ability.

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8
Q

Define Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Two almost symmetrical brain structures that appear to be separated by a deep groove (longitudinal fissure) running from the front to back of the brain. The two hemispheres are connected by a bundle of nerve fibres called the Corpus Callosum.

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9
Q

Define Corpus Callosum

A

A band of nerve tissue that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres and serves as the main communication pathway between them.

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10
Q

Define Cortical Lobes

A

Areas of the brain associated with different structures and functions.

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11
Q

What are the 4 Cortical Lobes?

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
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12
Q

Define Sensory Areas

A

The lobes receive and process information from sensory receptors in the body.

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13
Q

What is the Primary Visual Cortex and where is it located?

A

Receives and processes visual information, located in the Occipital lobe.

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14
Q

What is the Primary Auditory Cortex and where is it located?

A

Receives and processes auditory information from both ears, located in the Temporal lobe.

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15
Q

What is the Primary Somatosensory Cortex and where is it located?

A

Receives and processes sensory information from the skin and body, enabling us to perceive bodily sensations. Processes sensory information from the skin (about pressure and temperature) and from skeletal muscles (about movement), located in the Parietal lobe.

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16
Q

Define Motor Areas

A

Receives and processes information about voluntary bodily movements.

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17
Q

What is the Primary Motor Cotrex and where is it located?

A

Specifically involved in controlling voluntary bodily movements through its control of skeletal muscles. Controls our movements by sending neural messages to various parts of the body to make them move in the required way, located in the Frontal lobe.

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18
Q

Define Association Areas

A

Each lobe receives and combines information from one or more specialised areas (such as sensory and motor areas and areas that store memories), allowing us to undertake more complex cognitive (mental) processes such as perceiving, thinking, learning, remembering, reasoning and so on.

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19
Q

Define Frontal Lobe

A

The largest of the four lobes and occupies the upper forward half of each cerebral hemisphere, right behind your forehead.

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20
Q

Explain how Cortical Space works

A

In terms of the Primary Motor Cortex, the more cortical space a body part has, the more finely tuned actions produced with these parts can be.
In terms of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex, the more cortical space a body part has, the more sensitive it is.

21
Q

Define Broca’s Area

A

Has a crucial role in the production or articulate speech; that is, speech that is clear and fluent. In particular, Broca’s Area is involved with coordinating movements of the muscles required for speech and supplying this information to the appropriate motor cortex areas.

22
Q

Where is the Broca’s Area located?

A

In the Frontal lobe in the left hemisphere only (verbal hemisphere).

23
Q

Define Parietal Lobe

A

The Parietal Lobe in each hemisphere receives and processes sensory information from the body and skin senses (called somatosensory information) and other sensory areas in the brain. It also sends information to other areas in the brain.

24
Q

What may sensory information be?

A
  • Touch
  • Pressure and temperature from sensory receptors in the skin
  • Information about muscle movement and the position of limbs from sensory receptors in the muscles, tendons and joints
25
Q

What is homunculus?

A

A person who represents the body parts in terms of the relative size of the area each body part occupies along the primary somatosensory cortex.

26
Q

Define Temporal Lobe

A

The Temporal Lobe in each hemisphere is primarily involved with auditory perception but also plays an important role in memory, visual perceptions such as identifying objects and recognising faces, and our emotional responses to sensory information and memories.

27
Q

Define Wernicke’s Area

A

Involved in speech production but has a crucial role in the comprehension of speech; more specifically, in interpreting the sounds of human speech.

28
Q

Where is the Wernicke’s Area located?

A

In the Temporal Lobe, in the left hemisphere only (verbal hemisphere).

29
Q

Define Hemispheric Specialisation

A

The idea that one hemisphere has specialised functions, or exerts greater control over a particular function.

30
Q

What are some of the Left Hemisphere specialistaions?

A

Verbal functions

  • Speech production and comprehension, reading and writing
  • Analysis tasks such as maths, evaluation and problem solving
  • Analytical functions such as looking at parts and how they work as a whole
  • Receives and processes sensations from the right side of the body
  • Controls bodily movements on the right side of the body
31
Q

What are some of the Right Hemisphere specialisations?

A

Non-verbal functions

  • Spatial and visual thinking, such as reading maps and solving puzzles
  • Creativity and fantasy
  • Art and music appreciation
  • Recognising emotions
  • Daydreaming
  • Receives and processes sensations from the left side of the body
  • Controls bodily movements on the left side of the body
32
Q

Define Spinal Cord

A

A cable-like column of nerve fibres that extends from the base of the brain to the lower back.

33
Q

Define Aphasia

A

Refers to a language disorder apparent in speech (comprehension or production), writing or reading caused by injury to brain areas specialised for these functions.

34
Q

Define Fluent Aphasia

A

Speech is fluent but there are difficulties in either auditory verbal comprehension (understanding spoken words) or in the repetition of words, phrases or sentences spoken by others.

35
Q

Define Non-fluent Aphasia

A

There are difficulties in articulating (speaking clearly) but auditory verbal comprehension is relatively good.

36
Q

Define Broca’s Aphasia

A

A type of non-fluent aphasia where a person has trouble speaking, although they continue to understand speech. Responsible for the movement of mouth muscles.

37
Q

Define Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

A type of fluent aphasia is a type of aphasia whereby a person has considerable difficulty comprehending speech and speaking in a meaningful way.

38
Q

Define Spatial Neglect

A

An attentional disorder whereby individuals fail to notice anything either on their left or right side. They tend to behave as if one side of their world does not exist.

39
Q

Define Split-brain Surgery

A

Involves surgically cutting the corpus callosum (and sometimes also other nerves connecting the two hemispheres), thereby disconnecting one hemisphere of the brain from the other. The effect is that the two hemispheres do not directly receive information from each other.

40
Q

In which lobe and hemisphere does Spatial Neglect most commonly occur in?

A

Parietal lobe, Right hemisphere.

41
Q

Explain how Sperry and Gazinga’s Split-brain Studies worked?

A

A split-brain patient would focus on a black dot in the middle of a screen, the researcher would then flash an image of an object to either their left or right visual field.

42
Q

Explain Hemispheric Swap

A

The right hemisphere sends information to and receives information from the left side of the body and vice versa.

43
Q

Define Longitudinal Fissure

A

A deep groove running from the front to back of the brain that separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

44
Q

What are some of the key roles of the Frontal Lobe?

A
  • Higher order thinking and movement
  • Personality
  • Control of emotions and expression of emotional behaviour
  • Abstract thinking and decision making
  • Planning, problem solving and judgement
  • Impulse control
  • Planning and control of voluntary motor movements
  • Language (through Broca’s Area)
45
Q

What are some of the key roles of the Parietal Lobe?

A
  • Sense of touch
  • Motion detection in the environment around you
  • Location of objects in the environment around you
  • Ability to perceive things in a 3D way, such as 3D images and shapes
  • Being used when you are multiplying in your head and visualising the equation or solution
46
Q

What are some of the key roles of the Temporal Lobe?

A
  • Important for hearing and language comprehension
  • Involved in what we are hearing, speaking coherently and understanding speech (Wernicke’s Area)
  • It also holds memory of visual perception, such as remembering and memory formation
  • Memory formation within the Temporal Lobe is also linked with the hippocampus, which is located inside the Temporal Lobe
47
Q

Define Occipital Lobe

A

Located in each hemisphere, it’s primarily ivolved with vision.

48
Q

What are some of the key roles of the Occipital Lobe?

A
  • Processing visual information

- Perceiving and recognising different objects

49
Q

More Split brain

A

More Split brain

Psych Unit 3 (10 decks)

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