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Hema Readings Chapter 5&9 > Chapter 9 Lymphocytes > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphocytes are divided into three major groups:

A

T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells

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2
Q

major players in adaptive immunity

A

T and B cells

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3
Q

make up a small percentage of lymphocytes and are part of innate immunity

A

NK cells

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity has three characteristics:

A

It relies on an enormous number of distinct lymphocytes, each having surface receptors for a different specific molecular structure on a foreign antigen;

after an encounter with a particular antigen, memory cells are produced that will react faster and more vigorously to that same antigen on reexposure;

self-antigens are “ignored” under normal circumstances (referred to as tolerance).

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5
Q

Antibody-producing lymphocytes are called
because they develop in the bone marrow

A

B lymphocytes or simply B cells

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6
Q

Cellular immunity is accomplished by two types of lymphocytes:

A

T cells and NK cells

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7
Q

develop in the thymus

A

T cells

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8
Q

develop in both the bone marrow and the thymus

A

NK cells

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9
Q
  1. Lymphocytes are not end cells. They are resting cells, and when stimulated, they undergo mitosis to produce both
A

memory and effector cells.

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10
Q
  1. Unlike other leukocytes, lymphocytes recirculate from the blood to the ________ and back to the blood.
A

tissues

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11
Q
  1. B and T lymphocytes are capable of rearranging antigen receptor gene segments to produce a wide variety of
A

antibodies and surface receptors

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12
Q
  1. Although early lymphocyte progenitors such as the common lymphoid progenitor originate in the bone marrow, T and NK lymphocytes develop and mature
A

outside the bone marrow

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13
Q

Lymphocytes make up between 18% and 42% of circulating leukocytes with an absolute number of

A

0.8 to 4.8 X 10 to the power of 9/L

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14
Q

development occurs in the bone marrow and thymus (sometimes referred to as central or primary lymphatic organs)

A

Antigenindependent lymphocyte

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15
Q

development occurs in the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue such as the Peyer’s patches in the intestinal wall (sometimes referred to as peripheral or secondary lymphatic organs)

A

antigen-dependent lymphocyte

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16
Q

develop initially in the bone marrow and go through three stages known as pro-B, pre-B, and immature B cells.

A

B lymphocytes

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17
Q

It is during these stages that immunoglobulin gene rearrangement occurs so that each B cell produces a unique

A

immunoglobulin antigen receptor

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18
Q

which have not yet been exposed to antigen (antigen-naive B cells), leave the bone marrow to migrate to secondary lymphatic organs, where they take up residence in specific zones such as lymph node follicles.

A

immature B cells,

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19
Q

These immature B cells, also known as

A

hematogones

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20
Q

have a homogeneous nuclear chromatin pattern and extremely scanty cytoplasm

A

hematogones

21
Q

These cells are normally found in newborn peripheral blood and bone marrow and in regenerative bone marrows.

A

hematogones

22
Q

Leukemic cells from patients with (ALL) can sometimes resemble hematogones

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

23
Q

where B cells may come in contact with antigen, which results in cell division and the production of memory cells as well as effector

A

secondary lymphatic organs or in the blood

24
Q

Effector B cells are antibody-producing cells known as

A

plasma cells and plasmacytoid lymphocytes

25
Q

Approximately 3% to 21% of circulating lymphocytes
are

A

B cells

26
Q

Resting lymphocytes are small (around 9 “m in diameter), and the N:C ratio ranges from

A

5:1 to 2:1

27
Q

The chromatin is arranged in blocks, and the nucleolus is

A

rarely seen, although it is present

28
Q

develop initially in the thymus a lymphoepithelial organ located in the upper mediastinum

A

T lymphocytes

29
Q

under the regulation of cytokines produced by thymic epithelial cells, they progress through stages known

A

pro-T, pre-T, and immature T cells

30
Q

T cells are subdivided into two major categories, depending on whether or not they have

A

CD4 or CD8 antigen on their surfaces

31
Q

proceed to the thymic medulla, where further apoptosis of self-reactive T cells occurs. The remaining immature T cells (or antigen-naive T cells) then leave the thymus and migrate to secondary lymphatic organs

A

Immature T cells

32
Q

T cells comprise __% to __% of circulating lymphocytes

A

51 to 88

33
Q

The transformation of resting lymphocytes into activated forms is the source of so-called

A

medium and large lymphocytes that have increased amounts of cytoplasm

34
Q

morphology of effector T cells varies with the subtype of T cell involved, and they are often referred to as

A

reactive lymphocytes

35
Q

heterogeneous group of cells with respect to their surface antigens.

A

NK cells

36
Q

NK cells, the majority are __________________large granular lymphocytes

A

CD56+ CD16+ CD3+ CD7+

37
Q

NK cell is relatively large compared with other resting lymphocytes because of an increased amount of

A

cytoplasm

38
Q

Its cytoplasm contains azurophilic granules that are

A

peroxidase negative

39
Q

circulating lymphocytes are NK cells, approximately

A

4% to 29%

40
Q

essential for antibody production. In addition, they have a role in antigen presentation to T cells and may be necessary for optimal CD4 activation

A

B lymphocytes

41
Q

T lymphocytes can be divided into

A

CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells.

42
Q

CD4 effector lymphocytes are further subdivided into

A

TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg (CD4 CD25 regulatory T) cells

43
Q

mediate immune responses against intracellular pathogens

A

TH1 cells

44
Q

mediate host defense against extracellular parasites, including helminths. They are also important in the induction of asthma and other allergic diseases.

A

TH2 cells

45
Q

involved in the immune responses against extracellular bacteria and fungi.

A

TH17

46
Q

play a role in maintaining self-tolerance by regulating immune responses

A

Treg cells

47
Q

capable of killing target cells by secreting granules containing granzyme and perforin or by activating apoptotic pathways in the target cell.

A

CD8 effector lymphocytes

48
Q

these cells are sometimes referred to as

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

49
Q

part of innate immunity and are capable of killing certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization. In addition, NK cells modulate the functions of other cells, including macrophages and T cells

A

NK lymphocytes

Hema Readings Chapter 5&9 (9 decks)

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