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Hema Readings Chapter 5&9 > Chapter 9 Eosinophil Granules- Monocytes > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Eosinophil Granules- Monocytes Flashcards

1
Q

eosinophils have a circulating half-life of roughly

A

18 hours

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2
Q

the half-life of eosinophils is prolonged when

A

eosinophilia occurs

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3
Q

The tissue destinations of eosinophils under normal circumstances appear to be underlying columnar epithelial surfaces in the

A

respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts

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4
Q

Survival time of eosinophils in human tissues ranges from

A

2 to 5 days

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5
Q

granules move to the plasma membrane, fuse with the plasma membrane, and empty their contents into the extracellular space

A

classical exocytosis

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6
Q

second mechanism in which granules fuse together within the eosinophil before fusing with the plasma membrane

A

Compound exocytosis

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7
Q

third method in which secretory vesicles remove specific proteins from the secondary granules

A

piecemeal degranulation

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8
Q

fourth method of degranulation that occurs when extracellular intact granules are deposited during cell lysis

A

cytolysis

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9
Q

Eosinophils play important roles in

A

immune regulation

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10
Q

Eosinophils transmigrate into the thymus of the newborn and are believed to be involved in the deletion of

A

double-positive thymocytes

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11
Q

capable of acting as antigen presenting cells and promoting the proliferation of effector T cells

A

Eosinophils

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12
Q

Eosinophils are also implicated in the initiation of either type

A

1 or type 2 immune responses

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13
Q

Eosinophils are also important factors in acute and chronic

A

allograft rejection

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14
Q

Eosinophils regulate mast cell function through the release

A

major basic protein (MBP

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15
Q

Eosinophils regulate mast cell function through the release of major basic protein (MBP), which causes mast cell degranulation as well as cytokine production, and they also produce nerve growth factor that promotes mast cell

A

survival and activation

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16
Q

Eosinophil production is increased in infection by

A

parasitic helminths

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17
Q

in vitro studies have found that the eosinophil is capable of destroying tissue-invading helminths through the

A

secretion of MBP

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18
Q

There is also a suggestion that eosinophils play a role in preventing

A

reinfection

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19
Q

hallmark of allergic disorders

A

eosinophilia

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20
Q

eosinophil is one of the causes of airway inflammation and mucosal cell damage through secretion or production of a combination of basic proteins, lipid mediators, reactive oxygen species, and cytokines such as

A

IL-5

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21
Q

Eosinophils have also been implicated in airway remodeling (increase in thickness of the airway wall) through eosinophil derived fibrogenic growth factors, especially in

A

steroid-resistant asthma

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22
Q

Eosinophil accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract
occurs in allergic disorders such as

A

food allergy, allergic colitis, and inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

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23
Q

are true leukocytes because they mature in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood as mature cells with granules

A

basophils

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24
Q

precursors leave the bone marrow and use the blood as a transit system to gain access to the tissues where they mature

A

mast cell

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25
Q

Basophils are the least numerous of the WBCs, making up between

A

0% and 2%

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26
Q

Basophils are derived from progenitors in the bone marrow and spleen, where they differentiate under the influence of a number of cytokines, including

A

IL-3 and TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin)

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27
Q

Two basophil populations are identified:
The type of mediator response is determined by the balance between these two populations.

A

IL-3 elicited basophils that are immunoglobulin E (IgE) dependent and non-IgE dependent TSLP elicited basophils

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28
Q

round to somewhat lobulated nuclei with only slightly condensed chromatin.

A

Immature basophils

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29
Q

Immature basophils cytoplasm is blue and contains

A

large blue-black secondary granules

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30
Q

may or may not be seen

A

Primary azure granules

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31
Q

Basophil granules are water soluble and therefore may be dissolved if the blood film is

A

washed too much during the staining process

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32
Q

contain a lobulated nucleus that is often obscured by its granules

A

Mature basophils

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33
Q

colorless and contains large numbers of the characteristic large blue-black granules

A

Mature basophils cytoplasm

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34
Q

Mature basophils often leave a reddish-purple rim surrounding what appears to be a

A

vacuole

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35
Q

This life span of basophils is relatively longer than that of the other granulocytes,

A

60 hours

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36
Q

poorly understood because of their very small numbers

A

Basophil kinetics

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37
Q

This has been attributed to the fact that when they are activated by

A

IL-3 and IL-25

38
Q

initiated that prolong the basophil life span

A

antiapoptotic pathways

39
Q

basophils were regarded as ________ of mast cells and
minor players in allergic inflammation because, like mast cells, they have IgE receptors on their surface membranes that, when cross-linked by antigen, result in granule release

A

poor relatives

40
Q

Basophils functions in both ___________________ immunity

A

innate and adaptive

41
Q

Basophils are capable of releasing large quantities of subtype 2 helper T cell cytokines such as

A

IL-4 and IL-13 that regulate the TH2 immune response

42
Q

Basophils also induce B cells to synthesize

A

IgE

43
Q

effectors of IgE-mediated chronic allergic inflammation

A

mast cells

44
Q

basophils function as ____ of the allergic inflammation through the release of preformed cytokines

A

initiators

45
Q

basophils can be induced to produce a mediator of allergic inflammation known as

A

granzyme B

46
Q

Mast cells can induce basophils to produce and release

A

retinoic acid

47
Q

retinoic acid, a regulator of immune and resident cells in

A

allergic diseases

48
Q

Basophils also play a role in angiogenesis through the expression of

A

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors

49
Q

basophils are involved in the control of helminth infections by enclosing toxic egg products with

A

granulomas and preventing tissue damage

50
Q

not considered to be leukocytes

A

Mast cells

51
Q

tissue effector cells of allergic responses and inflammatory reactions

A

Mast cells

52
Q

A brief description of their development and function is included here because

A

(1) their precursors circulate in the peripheral blood for a brief period on their way to their tissue destinations,
(2) mast cells have several phenotypic and functional similarities with both basophils and eosinophils

53
Q

originate from the bone marrow and spleen

A

Mast cell progenitors (MCPs)

54
Q

The progenitors are then released to the blood before finally reaching tissues such as the,
where they mediate their actions.

A

intestine and lung

55
Q

major cytokine responsible for mast cell maturation and differentiation is

A

KIT ligand (stem cell factor)

56
Q

Mast cells function as effector cells in allergic reactions through the release of a wide variety of:

as a result of cross-linking of IgE on the mast cell surface by specific allergens

A

lipid mediators, proteases, proteoglycans and cytokines

57
Q

Mast cells can also be activated independently of IgE, which leads to

A

inflammatory reactions

58
Q

Mast cell can function as antigen-presenting cells to induce the differentiation of TH2 cells73; therefore mast cells act as mediators in both

A

innate and adaptive immunity

59
Q

Mast cells act as immunologic ___________ because of their location in mucosal surfaces and their role in barrier function.

A

“gatekeepers”

60
Q

make up between 2% and 11% of circulating leukocytes, with an absolute number of up to 1.3 X 10 to the power of 9 /L

A

Monocytes

61
Q

Monocyte development is similar to neutrophil development because both cell types are derived from the

A

GMP

62
Q

the major cytokine responsible for the growth and differentiation of monocytes

A

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

63
Q

The morphologic stages of monocyte development are:

A

monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes

64
Q

normal bone marrow are very rare and are difficult to distinguish from myeloblasts based on morphology

A

Monoblasts

65
Q

12 to 18 “m in diameter, and their nucleus is slightly indented or folded. The chromatin pattern is delicate, and at least one nucleolus is apparent

A

Promonocytes

66
Q

Monocytes appear to be larger than neutrophils because they tend to stick to and spread out on
glass or plastic

A

(diameter of 15 to 20 “m)

67
Q

Monocytes are slightly immature cells whose ultimate goal is to enter the tissues and mature into

A

macrophages, osteoclasts, or dendritic cells

68
Q

Monocytes nucleus may be round, oval, or kidney shaped but more often is deeply indented or folded on itself

A

(horseshoe shaped)

69
Q

Monocytes chromatin pattern is looser than in the other leukocytes and has sometimes been described as

A

lace-like or stringy

70
Q

Monocytes cytoplasm is blue-gray, with fine azure
granules often referred to as

A

azure dust or a ground-glass appearance

71
Q

Monocytes Small cytoplasmic pseudopods or ______ may be seen

A

blebs

72
Q

The promonocyte pool consists of approximately

A

6 X 10 to the power of 8 cells/kg, and they produce 7 X10 to the power of 6 monocytes/kg per hour

73
Q

Under normal circumstances, promonocytes undergo two mitotic divisions in 60 hours to produce a total of

A

four monocytes

74
Q

There is no storage pool of mature monocytes in the bone marrow, and unlike neutrophils, monocytes are released immediately into the circulation upon maturation. Therefore, when the bone marrow recovers from marrow failure, monocytes are seen in the peripheral blood before neutrophils and a relative monocytosis may occur

A

Monocyte/Macrophage Kinetics

75
Q

resides in the subcapsular red pulp of the spleen. Monocytes in this splenic reservoir appear to respond to tissue injury such as myocardial infarction by migrating to the site of tissue injury to participate in wound healing.

A

immature monocytes

76
Q

Like neutrophils, monocytes in the peripheral blood can be found in a

A

marginal pool and a circulating pool

77
Q

In areas of inflammation or infection (inflammatory macrophages)
As “resident” macrophages in:

A
  • Liver (Kupffer cells)
  • Lungs (alveolar macrophages)
  • Brain (microglia)
  • Skin (Langerhans cells)
  • Spleen (splenic macrophages)
  • Intestines (intestinal macrophages)
  • Peritoneum (peritoneal macrophages)
  • Bone (osteoclasts)
  • Synovial macrophages (type A cell)
  • Kidneys (renal macrophages)
  • Reproductive organ macrophages
  • Lymph nodes (dendritic cells)
78
Q

Monocytes remain in the circulation approximately

A

3 days

79
Q

Macrophages can be as large as

A

40 to 50 “m in diameter

80
Q

Macrophages usually have an oval nucleus with a

A

net-like (reticulated) chromatin pattern

81
Q

Macrophages cytoplasm is pale, often vacuolated, and often filled with debris of

A

phagocytized cells or organisms

82
Q

The life span of macrophages in the tissues depends on whether they are responding to inflammation or infection, or they are “resident” macrophages such as

A

Kupffer cells or alveolar macrophages

83
Q

Kupffer cells have a life span of approximately

A

21 days

84
Q

Inflammatory macrophages, on the other hand, have a life span measured in

A

hours

85
Q

Functions of monocytes/macrophages are numerous and varied. They can be subdivided into

A

innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and housekeeping functions

86
Q

Monocytes/macrophages recognize a wide range of bacterial pathogens by means of pattern recognition receptors (Toll-like receptors) that stimulate inflammatory cytokine production and phagocytosis

A

Innate immunity

87
Q

can synthesize nitric oxide, which is cytotoxic against viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and tumor cells. Monocytes and macrophages also have Fc receptors and complement receptors

A

Macrophages

88
Q

have Fc receptors and complement receptors. Hence, they can phagocytize foreign organisms or materials that have been coated with antibodies or complement components.

A

Monocytes and macrophages

89
Q

Both macrophages and dendritic cells degrade antigen and present antigen fragments on their surfaces (antigen-presenting cells). Because of this, they interact with and activate both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

A

Adaptive immunity

90
Q

most efficient and potent of the antigen-presenting cells

A

Dendritic cells

91
Q

These include removal of debris and dead cells at sites of infection or tissue damage, destruction of senescent red blood cells and maintenance of a storage pool of iron for erythropoiesis, and synthesis of a wide variety of proteins, including coagulation factors, complement components, interleukins, growth factors, and enzymes.

A

Housekeeping functions

Hema Readings Chapter 5&9 (9 decks)

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