Chapter 9: Love and Sexuality Flashcards
how has adolescent love changed from the past?
it has become more informal
Adolescent boys and girls still go together to events, but they are much more likely than before to spend time together informally.
Dating tends to be even less formal in European societies than in American society. In non-Western cultures, dating is also rare.
Most American adolescents have their first romantic relationships in
early teens
Romantic relationships tend to begin in early adolescence with…
mixed-sex groups
Dating behavior tends to follow which sequence?
- same-gender groups go to places where they hope to find other-gender groups
- adolescents take part in social gatherings arranged by adults that include interactions between genders
3.mixed-gender groups arrange to go to events together.
- adolescent couples begin to date as pairs
Biological maturity has how much effect on the timing of beginning to date?
little
Adolescents report reasons for dating as:
- recreation (fun and enjoyment)
- learning (becoming more skilled at it)
- status (impressing others by having relations with high-status partner)
- companionship (seeking pleasurable activities with partner)
- intimacy (close emotional relations with another person)
- courtship (seeking someone as steady partner)
how do adolescent’s reasons for dating change as they enter emerging adulthood?
early adolescents: ranked recreation, followed by intimacy then status
emerging adulthood: ranked intimacy, followed by companionship, then recreation, with status much lower
how does what adolescents look for in a romantic partner change with age for boys?
boys mention physical attractiveness for what they prefer
The importance of intimacy is lower for boys than for girls in early adolescence, but by late adolescence boys and girls both value intimacy
Despite many changes in gender roles in recent decades, a dating script persists in which…
boys are expected to take the initiative, make the plans, and initiate sexual contact
girls are supposed to wait for boys to act and then respond, and are expected to place the limits on how far sex will go
what are dating scripts?
cognitive models that guide dating interactions
dating script for boys vs. girls?
boys: proactive script (initiating)
girls: reactive script (responding to the males gestures)
Sternberg’s theory of love describes a variety of types of love derived from combinations of…
passion, commitment, and intimacy
The three qualities from Sternberg’s theory of love be combined into seven different forms of love…
liking: intimacy alone, without passion and commitment, most friendships
infatuation: passion alone, without intimacy or commitment
empty love: commitment alone, without passion or intimacy
romantic love: combines passion and intimacy, without commitment
companionate love: combines intimacy and commitment, but without passion
fatuous love: passion and commitment without intimacy
consummate love: integrates all three, the ideal
Adolescent love usually lacks long-term commitment, so it is most often characterized by…
infatuation and romantic love
how might adolescents in non-western cultures experience passion?
Adolescents in non-Western cultures also experience passion, but many cultures restrict adolescents’ expressions of passionate love because they believe that marriage should be based on family interests rather than individual choice
Romantic love as the basis for marriage is a fairly new cultural idea
what is a virtually universal characteristic of young people in relationships?
feelings of passion
just as with friendships, people who get into romantic relationships with others tend to do so with…
people who are similar to them
characteristics such as: intelligence, social class, ethnic background, religious beliefs, physical attractiveness, personality
what concept in romantic relationships resembles selective association? what is it?
called “consensual validation” by social scientists
it means that people like to find agreement in others with their own characteristics because it validates their own way of looking at the world
The phases of adolescent love include….
the initiation phase, the status phase, the affection phase, and the bonding phase.
Much like parental attachment, romantic partners try to…
maintain regular proximity to each other
seek each other out for comfort
use one another as a “secure base.”
Attachment styles between loves have been found to resemble…
parent-child attachment styles
Attachments may be more likely to develop during..
emerging adulthood
what contributes to intense unhappiness after a breakup
Adolescenct egocentrism
Relationships dissolve for many reasons, including…
lack of common interests, communication problems, conflicting sexual attitudes and marriage ideas, differing backgrounds, and boredom
A study that followed relationships in college students found that couples who broke up were…
-lower in intimacy and love
-less likely to be similar or balanced
-likely to break up due to boredom and differences
-more likely to be broken up by the women
-likely to lack consensual validation
In one study of college students, more than half of those who had broken up were
at least moderately depressed two months later.
and increased alcohol and drug use
what is romantic harassment?
unwanted pursuit of the ex-partner
defined as the “persistant abuse in order to continue dating someone after they have expressed their desire to terminate the relationship”
-highly stressful for the women
In the United States as well as in northern European countries, cohabitation now marks the beginning of living with a partner instead marriage. It is now experienced by how many emerging adults?
at least two-thirds of emerging adults
Young people choose to cohabit in part because they wish to…
enhance the likelihood that when they marry and it will last
why does cohabitation predicts higher rather than lower likelihood of divorce?
because cohabiting couples differ from other couples even before moving in together (e.g., they are less religious)
they may become so used to living together yet still remaining seperate in many ways (financially) so that they are unprepared
In a large cross-national study, what ranked first, second, third and fourth among marriage criteria across countries?
- “mutual attraction—love”
- “dependable character,”
- “emotional stability and maturity,”
4.“pleasing disposition.
Marriage has often been seen by cultures as..
why?
an alliance between two families
because parents and kin often held the power to arrange their marriages they would choose partners based on their families status and wealth
There are consistencies across countries and genders for why people choose a marriage partner. The sharpest cross-cultural division was…
regarding chastity
which is considered very important in the eastern cultures
Cultures with a tradition of arranged marriage are changing through the influence of…
globalization
what ranked low in the large cross-national study regarding marriage criteria in various countries?
Similarity in religious and political background
Good financial prospects
Having a lot of money”
in the studies of adolescents’ views of the ideal man and the ideal woman.
Given a sudden freedom of choice in marriage without a cultural tradition to support and guide it, what might young people choose as a path to follow regarding marriage partners?
some young people prefer to devise a path midway between arranged marriage and marriage by choice.
it requires their own consent as well as they seek approval from the parents
For most, sexual intercourse is reached through…
a progression of stages lasting many years
sexual progression occurs in which stages?
- masturbation
- necking and kissing
- petting
- sexual intercourse
- oral sex
For many Americans, their first sexual experience is…
masturbation
do girls or boys masturbate more?
boys
which adolescents are more likely to masturbate?
Adolescents who have had sexual intercourse
American studies have found that the majority of boys begin masturbating by age
13
90% of boys masturbate by age
19
which ethnic group are most likely to report sexual intercourse first?
African American adolescents
which age group are considerably less likely to engage in sexual activity in adolescence?
Asian Americans
how can ther term sexually active be misleading?
it is often used to refer to adolescents who have ever had sexual intercourse
This is without taking into account that such adolescents may have had sex only rarely or not at all since their first experience
porn viewers are more likely to be…
boys
involved in delinquency
which country has higher porn viewing than the USA? by. how much?
China
About one-thirds more
There are three types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality… what are they
restrictive, semirestrictive, and permissive
what type of sexuality would best classify the USA?
semi restrictivr
Premarital sex is most prevalent in which countries? Less common in which countries?
Western countries and Africa
somewhat less common in South America
least prevalent in Asia
What are restrictive cultures like in terms of sexuality?
-place strong prohibitions on sex before marriage
-require strict seperation of boys and girls through childhood and adolescene
A double standard in terms of gender exists in cultural views of adolescent sexuality… what does this mean?
two rules for sexual behaviour, one applies to males and one applies to females
the female rules are much more restrictive
what are semi-restrictive cultures like?
-prohibitions on premarital sex which are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded
what are sexual scripts?
different cognitive frameworks for understanding how a sexual experience is supposed to proceed and how sexual experiences are to be interpreted
who initiates sexual experience and which gender sets limits on it?
initiates: boy
set limits: girl
Studies have also found that girls are more likely than boys to have sexual scripts that include….
whereas for boys….
romance, friendship, and emotional intimacy
whereas for boys sexual attraction tends to outweigh emotional factors
boys vs girls experience after their first sexual encournter experience?
what are these differences due to?
Boys are often happy and excited after their first experience of intercourse, whereas girls are more often unhappy or ambivalent
due to differences in their gender socialization as well as the girls’ vulnerability to pregnancy
Adolescents who remain virgins through high school are more likely than nonvirgins to be…
-late maturing in the timing of their pubertal development
-to have higher levels of academic performance and academic aspirations
-politically conservative
-participate in religious activities
Adolescents who have early sexual intercourse are more likely to
use drugs and alcohol
to be from single-parent families
to have grown up in poverty
does Parental monitoring influence early sexual intercourse
no
what can influence timing of first intercourse?
peers
Most American emerging adults have had sexual intercourse at least…
once in the past year
Most sex in emerging adulthood takes place between…
romantic partners
recreational sex or “hooking up” is also common, frequently involving alcohol use
Rates of sexual harassment in adolescence?
strikingly high, with about one-fifth of boys and 25% to 75% of girls reporting that they have been harassed
Studies indicate how many adolescents report sexual coercion?
one-third of adolescent boys and nearly half of adolescent girls report sexual coercion
Sexual harassment includes?
mild harassment such as name-calling, jokes, and leering looks
severe harassment involving unwanted touching or sexual contact
Date rape takes place when
a person is forced by a romantic partner, date, or acquaintance to have sexual relations against his or her will
what plays a big part in date rape on college campuses?
Alcohol
why do American adolescents tend to use contraceptives inconsistently?
-in part to their episodes of intercourse being unplanned and infrequent
-limited cognitive development also makes it sometimes difficult to plan and anticipate consequences
Rates of adolescent pregnancy are lowest in cultures that accept…
adolescent sexual activity and in cultures that strictly forbid it
Rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States are much higher than in…
other developed countries
what typically happens to adolescents who become mothers vs fathers?
Adolescent mothers fall behind their peers in educational progress and income for many years to come, although some are resilient and do well
Adolescent fathers also have educational and occupational difficulties, as well as high rates of substance abuse and depression
what happens to the babies from adolescent mothers?
Babies born to adolescent mothers are at risk for a wide variety of problems, in areas including physical health, academic progress, and behavioral problems.
what are all stated reasons for not using contraception?
Embarrassment, interference with sexual mood, and reduction in pleasure
GLB are more likely than other adolescents to have problems of…
suicide, substance abuse, school difficulties, and running away from home
For adolescents who are gay, lesbian, or bisexual (GLB), the degree of confusion and anxiety associated with reaching sexual maturity is often…
multiplied
awareness of LGBTQ identity usually begins in..
early adolescene
disclosure comes in late adolescene or emerging adulthood
what is it like for an adolescene to come to the realization of a GLB identity?
, coming to the realization of a GLB identity can be traumatic for many adolescents however, many adolescents come out successfully and accept their identity.
Adolescents and emerging adults who are GLB face…
-intense social stigma in most countries
-also typically face harassment, verbal abuse, and Physical abuse.
when do GLB youth first become fully aware of their sexual orientation?
during adolescene
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) adolescents often have difficulty coping with their sexual orientation in what sort of culture?
a culture that stigmatizes homosexuality
Name the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections and their treatments
-human papillomavirus (HPV)
-chlamydia
-HIV/AIDS.
Various treatments are available for HPV, from medicines to laser surgery. However, none of the treatments attacks the underlying virus, so recurrences are common. Chlamydia can usually be treated effectively with antibiotics.
HIV is transmitted through…
bodily fluids, including semen, vaginal fluid, and blood which typically enters during intercourse
also through shared needles
After the HIV virus is acquired, during the HIV latency period, a person undergoes…
flu-like symptoms including fever, sore throat, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck and armpits
Once AIDS does appear, it is usually in the form of…
symptoms of unusual diseases that people rarely get unless there is something seriously wrong with their immune system
internationally, rates of HIV/AIDS are highest in..
Africa, with close to one-fourth of young people in some countries infected with HIV.
Identify the main features of effective sex education.
The best sex education programs include features such as:
-focusing on a narrow range of risky sexual behavior
-providing basic information about contraception
-skills for social pressure
-specific to age, culture and sexual experience
-stretching over a substantial period of time (at least 14 hours)
comprehensive sexuality programs and “abstinence-plus” programs are effective in
delaying initiation of sexual intercourse and increasing contraceptive use
The rates of STDs are especially high among…
Black and Latino young people living in America’s urban areas
what is is the most common STD?
Chlamydia
describe the effects of chalmydia.
highest rates are among 15-19 year-olds
leading cause of female infertility as it can develop into pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
highly infectious and 75% of women and 25% of men are asymptomatic
can be treated with antibiotics, although they are becoming less effective
what causes Gonorrhea?
caused by bacteria that thrive in moist mucous membranes including the mouth, urethra, and vagina
easily passed along during sex and the highest rates of infection are among females aged 15-19
75% of males and the majority of females are asymptomatic
what is Herpes simplex?
caused by a virus and is characterized by sores on the mouth (herpes simplex I) or genitals (herpes simplex II)
highly infectious and there is no cure
majority of people have at least one recurrent episode
Researchers have found that by the 11th grade ________ of adolescents report experiencing a romantic relationship at some point, and that by emerging adulthood the most important function of romantic relationships is ________.
80%; intimacy
