Chapter 11: Working

Question 1

Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.

Answer 1

Adolescents in traditional cultures have typically worked alongside their parents.

The boys work in hunting, fishing, and farming

The girls work in gathering, child care, and household work.

Question 2

what are the roles of each gender in hunter-gatherer cultures?

Answer 2

Hunting and fishing in traditional cultures are typically undertaken by men

Often in cultures where males have the responsibility for hunting or fishing, women have a responsibility for gathering

Success at hunting may be required of adolescent boys as a way of showing that they are ready for manhood

Question 3

what are roles of adolescents who grow up in a family whose economy is based on farming?

Answer 3

-often provide useful work to their families
-Care of domestic animals is a frequent responsibility of adolescents while farming is typically carried out by fathers and sons working together

Question 4

Women and girls have the main responsibility for

Answer 4

childcare

Question 5

what sort of work do adolescent girls do in traditional cultures?

Answer 5

-work of child-care begins quite young for them
-working alongside her mother often means household work for the adolescent girl
-demonstrate they can take tare of a household when older

Question 6

why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?

Answer 6

due to globalization

Question 7

what is the result of globalization in traditional cultures for adolescents?

Answer 7

they are being subjected to hard work in terrible conditions for very low pay, such as on commercial farms and plantations, in factories, and in commercial sexual exploitation

working conditions are often almost unbelievably horrible

Question 8

why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?

Answer 8

due to globalization

Question 9

benefits of adolescents participation in industrialization/globalization economy ?

Answer 9

allows adolescents to contribute to their families

provides adolescents with skills and contacts that may lead to a better economic future.

Question 10

The globalization of economic life holds the promise of…

Answer 10

making life better for many cultures around the world

Question 11

The International Labor Organization (ILO) has estimated that how many adolescents are employed worldwide?

Answer 11

as many as 200 million children

95% of them in developing/industrializing countries

Question 12

what is the most common form of employment for adolescent?

Answer 12

Agricultural work

often working with their parents but for only one-third to one-half the pay.

Question 13

why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?

Answer 13

due to globalization

Question 13

n India, a common and particularly brutal system for exploiting adolescent labor is

Question 14

in India, a common and particularly brutal system for exploiting adolescent labor is

Answer 14

debt bondage

-the parent promises labour of his children in exchange for a loan of some sort

Question 15

Perhaps the worst form of exploitations of adolescents’ work is

Answer 15

prostitution

Question 16

the attention of child labour from the world media, governments, and international organizations has resulted in?

Answer 16

resulted in legislative action in several countries to raise the number of years children and adolescents that are illegally required to attend school

to enforce the often-ignored laws in many countries against employing children younger than their midteens.

Question 17

Before industrialization, adolescents in the West typically worked?

Answer 17

alongside their parents, boys with their fathers mostly in farming, girls with their mothers mostly in child care and household work

Question 18

During the 19th century (before 1900’s), most adolescents worked in?

Answer 18

in factories

-this was due to increasing industrialization

• they worked long hours, were more vulnerable to accident and injury, and more prone to illness from unhealthy working conditions.

Question 19

In Europe, from 1500 to 1700 it was common for young people to work for?

Answer 19

the life cycle service

Question 20

In the early 20th century, adolescents were working how much?

Answer 20

working full-time due to their economic situation at home

*rather than in school

Question 21

Since World War II (1945), the proportion of American adolescents began working how much?

Answer 21

working part-time

*now many high school seniors have had part-time jobs

Question 22

American adolescents are more likely to work part­-time than adolescents in other developed coun­ tries, because…

Answer 22

their schools are less demanding

Question 23

The trend toward increasing time in school continued steadily and by 1940, American adolescents lived in two separate worlds regarding work? How many?

Answer 23

with 70% of them in high school and the other 30% in the full-time labor force.

Question 24

For girls vs. boys, their first kind of work involves…

Answer 24

girls: child care

boys: yard work

Question 25

Adolescent work falls into five general categories:

Answer 25

restaurant work
retail
clerical
manual labor
skilled labor

Question 26

With the exception of skilled labor, adolescent work tends to be

Answer 26

repetitive, monotonous, and does not develop skills they will need later in the workplace

Question 27

Working in adolescence is related to a variety of negative outcomes when it involves more than

Answer 27

10 hours per week

Question 28

when are adolescents related to higher well­-being and self-­esteem at work?

Answer 28

If adolescents learn new skills at work

Question 29

most negative consequences from working beyond 10 hours for girls vs boys?

Answer 29

boys: reported stress at work was the best predictor of psychological functioning

girls: the extent to which they felt a conflict between the demands of work and school

Question 30

why might working make adolescents more likely to develop a substance use problem?

Answer 30

It may be that the role of work in substance use is either causal or correlational

Causal: Adolescents tend to spend the money they make at their jobs in pursuit of good times, which can include substance use for some.
-they may also have high stress at work

Correlational: they were already at risk before, such as adolescents who work more than 10 hours may already have a problem

Question 31

Adolescents report many benefits from working, such as….

on the downside, they may also report…

Answer 31

time management, money management, and developing social skills

report fatigue, less leisure time, and thinking about work during class.

Question 32

would it be casual or correlational in which working adolescents are more likely to develop a substance use problem?

Answer 32

more likely causal

Question 33

Six “ new basic skills” are necessary for success at promising new jobs for high school graduates?

Answer 33

1. reading at a ninth-grade level or higher
2. math at a ninth-grade level or higher
3. solving semistructure problems
4. oral and written communication
5. computer use
   6.collaboration

Question 34

why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?

Answer 34

due to globalization

Question 35

why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?

Answer 35

due to globalization

Question 36

why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?

Answer 36

due to globalization

Question 37

who are the “forgotten half”

Answer 37

young americans who enter the workplace straight after high school instead of going to college

Question 38

what are “new basic skills” defined as?

Answer 38

skills required for high school graduates who wish to obtain the best jobs in the new information-based economy

Question 39

what can be a protective factor for adolescents at work?

Answer 39

Good relationships with adults at work

Question 40

To improve the prospects of the “forgotten half” who don’t go to college, what has been done?

Answer 40

vocational preparation in high school and government job-training programs have been recommended

Question 41

The focus of work preparation in Western Europe is on…

what are they?

Answer 41

apprenticeships
in which an adolescent novice serves under a master in order to learn the skills required to enter the profession successfully

Question 42

Common features of apprenticeship programs are:

Answer 42

0entry at age 16 and 2-3 years of service
-continued part-time schooling with the curriculum close connected to the training
-training in real working conditions

*preparation is for a respected profession that provides adequate income.

Question 43

when are the times when more serious reflection on occupational goals often begins?

Answer 43

adolescence and especially emerging adulthood

Question 44

Donald Super’s theory of the development of occupational goals begins in adolescence and continues through five stages into adulthood…

what are the five stages?

Answer 44

crystallization, specification, implementation, stabilization, and consolidation

Question 45

In the United States, job growth in the decade to come is projected to strongest in service sectors such as

Answer 45

health care

Question 46

what is Job Corps?

Answer 46

a federal program that pays emerging adults a monthly stipend while training them in the skills for a job

Question 47

problems with donald super’s theory of development of occupational goals?

Answer 47

many careers do not follow such a linear path, and the theory does not account for how young women must adjust their work paths to accommodate family responsibilities.

Question 48

John Holland describes six personality categories to consider when matching a person with a prospective occupation…

what are they?

Answer 48

realistic, intellectual, social, conventional, enterprising, and artistic, although these categories are not mutually exclusive

Question 49

problems with John holland’s personality traits with occupations?

Answer 49

most people have personality characteristics that fit into more than one type

most occupations can be per­formed with success and satisfaction by persons with a variety of personality characteristics

Question 50

Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.

Answer 50

Most emerging adults spend several years changing jobs frequently as they seek identity­-based work that will not only pay well but will also fit their identity and provide personal fulfillment.

Question 51

emerging adults work explorations often are…

Answer 51

haphazard and unsystematic

Question 52

Numerous studies find a relationship between adolescents’ occupational goals and SES of their families. What is it?

Answer 52

Adolescents from high-SES families tend to aspire to high-SES careers and adolescents from low-SES families tend to aspire to low-SES careers

Question 53

what are the reasons why there is a relationship between adolescents’ occupational goals and SES of their families?

Answer 53

Reasons for this include:
-parents providing occupational models
-the differences in access to various resources -the differences in how parents raise their children that propel them in the direction of some careers rather than others

Question 54

The influence of SES on job choices is how strong now?

Answer 54

weaker than it was in the past

Question 55

When young people take occupations at the same SES level as their parents it may be due to which genotype expression?

Answer 55

passive genotype-environment interactions

Question 56

one passive genotype expression trait a young person may get from their parents that influences which career they will attain?

Answer 56

intelligence

Question 57

why does Gender have a substantial influence on job choice?

Answer 57

Jobs held by women are concentrated in the service sector and tend to be low paying and low status, while men’s jobs tend to be high paying and high in status.

Gender socialization plays a role in gender differences in job choice.

young women anticipate the difficulties they are likely to face in balancing their work and family roles, which influences their job selection.

Question 58

Unemployment is highly prevalent among which ethnicity og emerging adults living in American cities?

why?

Answer 58

African American

mainly because of lack of education and the decline in low-­skilled but high-­paying manufacturing jobs over the past 30 years

The skills needed for employment come from education, and young African Americans and Latinos tend to obtain less education than Whites or Asian Americans.

Question 59

Prominent types of volunteering for emerging adults include…

Answer 59

the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps

Question 60

Voluntary military service in the United States shows positive effects such as….

Answer 60

self-discipline, leadership skills, and ability to work with others

Question 61

Unemployment is associated with

Answer 61

higher risk for depression

Question 62

The high rates of unemployment among minority groups can be explained by

Answer 62

the shifting employment patterns in the American economy

Question 63

To improve the problems in the cities, William Julius Wilson proposed an approach to include:

Answer 63

upgrading education, improving school-to-work programs, improving access to employment, and providing government-funded public service jobs

Question 64

Americans are how much more likely as people in any other Western country to take part in volunteer work?

Answer 64

more than twice as likely

Question 65

Adolescents who volunteer tend to have…

Answer 65

-a high sense of personal competence
-higher educational goals and performance
-high ideals
-a higher degree of similarity between their actual selves and ideal selves
-have a great desire to help others and a greater sense of social responsibility
-have parents who volunteer
-more likely to be active in political activities and volunteer organizations as adults

Question 66

Studies have found that which values are equal as motivation for adolescents’ community service?

Answer 66

individualistic and collectivistic

Question 67

why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?

Answer 67

due to globalization

Question 68

Studies have found that which values are equal as motivation for adolescents’ community service?

Answer 68

individualistic and collectivistic

Question 69

why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?

Answer 69

due to globalization

Question 70

Studies have found that which values are equal as motivation for adolescents’ community service?

Answer 70

individualistic and collectivistic