Chapter 11: Working Flashcards
Describe the main forms that work has taken for adolescents in traditional cultures.
Adolescents in traditional cultures have typically worked alongside their parents.
The boys work in hunting, fishing, and farming
The girls work in gathering, child care, and household work.
what are the roles of each gender in hunter-gatherer cultures?
Hunting and fishing in traditional cultures are typically undertaken by men
Often in cultures where males have the responsibility for hunting or fishing, women have a responsibility for gathering
Success at hunting may be required of adolescent boys as a way of showing that they are ready for manhood
what are roles of adolescents who grow up in a family whose economy is based on farming?
-often provide useful work to their families
-Care of domestic animals is a frequent responsibility of adolescents while farming is typically carried out by fathers and sons working together
Women and girls have the main responsibility for
childcare
what sort of work do adolescent girls do in traditional cultures?
-work of child-care begins quite young for them
-working alongside her mother often means household work for the adolescent girl
-demonstrate they can take tare of a household when older
why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?
due to globalization
what is the result of globalization in traditional cultures for adolescents?
they are being subjected to hard work in terrible conditions for very low pay, such as on commercial farms and plantations, in factories, and in commercial sexual exploitation
working conditions are often almost unbelievably horrible
why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?
due to globalization
benefits of adolescents participation in industrialization/globalization economy ?
allows adolescents to contribute to their families
provides adolescents with skills and contacts that may lead to a better economic future.
The globalization of economic life holds the promise of…
making life better for many cultures around the world
The International Labor Organization (ILO) has estimated that how many adolescents are employed worldwide?
as many as 200 million children
95% of them in developing/industrializing countries
what is the most common form of employment for adolescent?
Agricultural work
often working with their parents but for only one-third to one-half the pay.
why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?
due to globalization
n India, a common and particularly brutal system for exploiting adolescent labor is
in India, a common and particularly brutal system for exploiting adolescent labor is
debt bondage
-the parent promises labour of his children in exchange for a loan of some sort
Perhaps the worst form of exploitations of adolescents’ work is
prostitution
the attention of child labour from the world media, governments, and international organizations has resulted in?
resulted in legislative action in several countries to raise the number of years children and adolescents that are illegally required to attend school
to enforce the often-ignored laws in many countries against employing children younger than their midteens.
Before industrialization, adolescents in the West typically worked?
alongside their parents, boys with their fathers mostly in farming, girls with their mothers mostly in child care and household work
During the 19th century (before 1900’s), most adolescents worked in?
in factories
-this was due to increasing industrialization
- they worked long hours, were more vulnerable to accident and injury, and more prone to illness from unhealthy working conditions.
In Europe, from 1500 to 1700 it was common for young people to work for?
the life cycle service
In the early 20th century, adolescents were working how much?
working full-time due to their economic situation at home
*rather than in school
Since World War II (1945), the proportion of American adolescents began working how much?
working part-time
*now many high school seniors have had part-time jobs
American adolescents are more likely to work part-time than adolescents in other developed coun tries, because…
their schools are less demanding
The trend toward increasing time in school continued steadily and by 1940, American adolescents lived in two separate worlds regarding work? How many?
with 70% of them in high school and the other 30% in the full-time labor force.
For girls vs. boys, their first kind of work involves…
girls: child care
boys: yard work
Adolescent work falls into five general categories:
restaurant work
retail
clerical
manual labor
skilled labor
With the exception of skilled labor, adolescent work tends to be
repetitive, monotonous, and does not develop skills they will need later in the workplace
Working in adolescence is related to a variety of negative outcomes when it involves more than
10 hours per week
when are adolescents related to higher well-being and self-esteem at work?
If adolescents learn new skills at work
most negative consequences from working beyond 10 hours for girls vs boys?
boys: reported stress at work was the best predictor of psychological functioning
girls: the extent to which they felt a conflict between the demands of work and school
why might working make adolescents more likely to develop a substance use problem?
It may be that the role of work in substance use is either causal or correlational
Causal: Adolescents tend to spend the money they make at their jobs in pursuit of good times, which can include substance use for some.
-they may also have high stress at work
Correlational: they were already at risk before, such as adolescents who work more than 10 hours may already have a problem
Adolescents report many benefits from working, such as….
on the downside, they may also report…
time management, money management, and developing social skills
report fatigue, less leisure time, and thinking about work during class.
would it be casual or correlational in which working adolescents are more likely to develop a substance use problem?
more likely causal
Six “ new basic skills” are necessary for success at promising new jobs for high school graduates?
- reading at a ninth-grade level or higher
- math at a ninth-grade level or higher
- solving semistructure problems
- oral and written communication
- computer use
6.collaboration
why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?
due to globalization
why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?
due to globalization
why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?
due to globalization
who are the “forgotten half”
young americans who enter the workplace straight after high school instead of going to college
what are “new basic skills” defined as?
skills required for high school graduates who wish to obtain the best jobs in the new information-based economy
what can be a protective factor for adolescents at work?
Good relationships with adults at work
To improve the prospects of the “forgotten half” who don’t go to college, what has been done?
vocational preparation in high school and government job-training programs have been recommended
The focus of work preparation in Western Europe is on…
what are they?
apprenticeships
in which an adolescent novice serves under a master in order to learn the skills required to enter the profession successfully
Common features of apprenticeship programs are:
0entry at age 16 and 2-3 years of service
-continued part-time schooling with the curriculum close connected to the training
-training in real working conditions
*preparation is for a respected profession that provides adequate income.
when are the times when more serious reflection on occupational goals often begins?
adolescence and especially emerging adulthood
Donald Super’s theory of the development of occupational goals begins in adolescence and continues through five stages into adulthood…
what are the five stages?
crystallization, specification, implementation, stabilization, and consolidation
In the United States, job growth in the decade to come is projected to strongest in service sectors such as
health care
what is Job Corps?
a federal program that pays emerging adults a monthly stipend while training them in the skills for a job
problems with donald super’s theory of development of occupational goals?
many careers do not follow such a linear path, and the theory does not account for how young women must adjust their work paths to accommodate family responsibilities.
John Holland describes six personality categories to consider when matching a person with a prospective occupation…
what are they?
realistic, intellectual, social, conventional, enterprising, and artistic, although these categories are not mutually exclusive
problems with John holland’s personality traits with occupations?
most people have personality characteristics that fit into more than one type
most occupations can be performed with success and satisfaction by persons with a variety of personality characteristics
Describe the typical experiences of emerging adults in looking for a job.
Most emerging adults spend several years changing jobs frequently as they seek identity-based work that will not only pay well but will also fit their identity and provide personal fulfillment.
emerging adults work explorations often are…
haphazard and unsystematic
Numerous studies find a relationship between adolescents’ occupational goals and SES of their families. What is it?
Adolescents from high-SES families tend to aspire to high-SES careers and adolescents from low-SES families tend to aspire to low-SES careers
what are the reasons why there is a relationship between adolescents’ occupational goals and SES of their families?
Reasons for this include:
-parents providing occupational models
-the differences in access to various resources -the differences in how parents raise their children that propel them in the direction of some careers rather than others
The influence of SES on job choices is how strong now?
weaker than it was in the past
When young people take occupations at the same SES level as their parents it may be due to which genotype expression?
passive genotype-environment interactions
one passive genotype expression trait a young person may get from their parents that influences which career they will attain?
intelligence
why does Gender have a substantial influence on job choice?
Jobs held by women are concentrated in the service sector and tend to be low paying and low status, while men’s jobs tend to be high paying and high in status.
Gender socialization plays a role in gender differences in job choice.
young women anticipate the difficulties they are likely to face in balancing their work and family roles, which influences their job selection.
Unemployment is highly prevalent among which ethnicity og emerging adults living in American cities?
why?
African American
mainly because of lack of education and the decline in low-skilled but high-paying manufacturing jobs over the past 30 years
The skills needed for employment come from education, and young African Americans and Latinos tend to obtain less education than Whites or Asian Americans.
Prominent types of volunteering for emerging adults include…
the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps
Voluntary military service in the United States shows positive effects such as….
self-discipline, leadership skills, and ability to work with others
Unemployment is associated with
higher risk for depression
The high rates of unemployment among minority groups can be explained by
the shifting employment patterns in the American economy
To improve the problems in the cities, William Julius Wilson proposed an approach to include:
upgrading education, improving school-to-work programs, improving access to employment, and providing government-funded public service jobs
Americans are how much more likely as people in any other Western country to take part in volunteer work?
more than twice as likely
Adolescents who volunteer tend to have…
-a high sense of personal competence
-higher educational goals and performance
-high ideals
-a higher degree of similarity between their actual selves and ideal selves
-have a great desire to help others and a greater sense of social responsibility
-have parents who volunteer
-more likely to be active in political activities and volunteer organizations as adults
Studies have found that which values are equal as motivation for adolescents’ community service?
individualistic and collectivistic
why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?
due to globalization
Studies have found that which values are equal as motivation for adolescents’ community service?
individualistic and collectivistic
why are all traditional cultures moving toward industrialization?
due to globalization
Studies have found that which values are equal as motivation for adolescents’ community service?
individualistic and collectivistic
