Chapter 9 - Lifespan Development

Question 1

Normative approach

Answer 1

Asking “what is normal development?”

Question 2

Children develop at different rates, so how can we determine what “normal development” is?

Answer 2

By using age-related averages as guidelines to compare.

Question 3

Developmental milestones

Answer 3

specific normative events like crawling, walking, writing, speaking, puberty, etc.

Question 4

Continuous Development view

Answer 4

views development as cumulative

Question 5

Discontinuous Development view

Answer 5

views development as taking place in unique stages

Question 6

What do infants in all cultures do before they babble?

Answer 6

They coo

Question 7

Psychosexual development (Freud)

Answer 7

according to Freud, children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on different areas of the body

Question 8

Erogenous zone (Freud)

Answer 8

a zone for each stage of development

Question 9

What are the 5 erogenous zones? (Freud)

Answer 9

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 10

Psychosocial theory of development (Erikson)

Answer 10

emphasizes social > sexual development; we are motivated by a need to achieve competence

Question 11

Trust vs. Mistrust; during what age; and what does it mean? (Erikson)

Answer 11

Infancy; if needs are met - feel trust. If needs are not met - feel distrust.

Question 12

Autonomy vs. Shame; during what age; and what does it mean? (Erikson)

Answer 12

1-3 yrs.; wanting to make choices, if denied -> doubt abilities

Question 13

Initiative vs. Guilt; during what age; and what does it mean? (Erikson)

Answer 13

3-5 yrs.; initiating activities - when stifled, feel guilt

Question 14

Industry vs. Inferiority; during what age; and what does it mean? (Erikson)

Answer 14

6-11 yrs.; comparing themselves to others; feel inferior if they don’t measure up.

Question 15

Identity vs. Role Confusion; during what age; and what does it mean? (Erikson)

Answer 15

12-18 yrs.; developing identity -> confusion of identity

Question 16

Intimacy vs. Isolation; during what age; and what does it mean? (Erikson)

Answer 16

18-40 yrs.; if don’t have strong sense of self -> may be lonely

Question 17

Generativity vs. Stagnation; during what age; and what does it mean? (Erikson)

Answer 17

40-65 yrs.; finding life’s work -> if don’t, likely to stagnate

Question 18

Integrity vs. Despair; during what age; and what does it mean? (Erikson)

Answer 18

65 yrs.+; reflect on life -> feel either satisfaction or failure.

Question 19

Cognitive Theory of Development focused on? (Piaget)

Answer 19

childhood cognitive growth

Question 20

Schemata

Answer 20

mental models that help us categorize info.

Question 21

Assimilation

Answer 21

take in info. that is comparable to what we already know

Question 22

Accommodation

Answer 22

a change in schemata based on new info.

Question 23

Sensorimotor Stage during what age; and what does it mean? (Piaget)

Answer 23

0-2 yrs.; coordinating sensory info. and motor activity

Question 24

Object permanence is developed when? What is it?

Answer 24

5-8 mos.; understanding that even if something is out of sight, that it still exists.

Question 25

Preoperational Stage during what age; and what does it mean? (Piaget)

Answer 25

2-7 yrs.; use of symbols/words to represent things

Question 26

“Pretend play” is an example of which stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Theory of Development? (Piaget)

Answer 26

Preoperational stage

Question 27

Conservation

Answer 27

even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size

Question 28

Egocentrism

Answer 28

child’s inability to take on perspective of others

Question 29

Concrete Operational Stage during what age; what does it mean? (Piaget)

Answer 29

7-11 yrs.; understand logic

Question 30

Reversibility

Answer 30

objects can be changed & returned back to original form

Question 31

Formal Operational Stage during what age; what does it mean? (Piaget)

Answer 31

11 yrs.+; ability for abstract thought

Question 32

Piaget thought cognitive processes

Answer 32

develop in stages

Question 33

Vygotsky thought cognitive development was influenced by

Answer 33

culture