Chapter 9-Learning and Memory

Question 1

the ability to retain and retrieve recollections of past events or experiences or acquired information

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

unconscious memory; past learning that can’t be remembered consciously but can still affect behavior. comes out in automatic responses

Answer 2

implicit memory

Question 3

either an inability to retrieve, or an actual change/loss of the effects of the experience

Answer 3

forgetting

Question 4

a useless but remarkable memory

Answer 4

idiot savant

Question 5

earlier learning disrupts new learning

Answer 5

proactive learning

Question 6

subsequent learning disrupts earlier learning

Answer 6

retroactive interference

Question 7

high recall for the beginning of a list

Answer 7

primacy effect

Question 8

high recall for the end of a list; remember the most recently heard

Answer 8

recency effect

Question 9

immediate, unconscious effects of stimuli, initial recording of sensory information; forgotten almost immediately

Answer 9

sensory memory

Question 10

activated memory that holds a few items briefly; not absolute, holds about 7 meaningful items; forgotten within moments

Answer 10

short term memory

working memory

Question 11

permanent and limitless storehouse; highly stable and generative; remembered indefinitely

Answer 11

long-term memory

Question 12

apparently oblivious to other sensory stimuli in social situations, but if topic of interest is brought up, attention switches to it. shows must be subconsciously paying attention to sensory stimuli around us

Answer 12

cocktail party effect

Question 13

short term memory slots may be filled with many items, not unitary; rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns

Answer 13

chunking

Question 14

consciously aware of memory

Answer 14

voluntary memory

Question 15

helpful most of the time

Answer 15

involuntary memory

Question 16

a component of working memory; a flexible system responsible for the control and regulation of cognitive processes; allocates info and energy to the correct component

Answer 16

central executive system

Question 17

functions of the central executive system

Answer 17

1) coordination of the slave systems
2) shifting between tasks and retrieval strategies
3) selective attention and inhibition
4) binding information from a number of sources into coherent episodes

Question 18

the theory that memory traces vanish quickly with the passage of time in the absence of continued rehearsal

Answer 18

decay theory

Question 19

the theory that there are a limited number of slots to be filled in short term memory and that incoming information displaces old information; something new comes along

Answer 19

displacement theory

Question 20

the theory that STM and LTM are the same, they are just different levels of processing.

Answer 20

Levels of processing

Question 21

suggests that there at least 2 different and independent types of processing available in working memory.

Answer 21

Baddeley Model of Working Memory

Question 22

memories recovered under hypnosis or drugs are unreliable

Answer 22

true

Question 23

memories of things happening before age 3 are reliable

Answer 23

false

Question 24

memories we can put into words (addresses, names, phone numbers)

Answer 24

explicit memories or declarative memory

Question 25

a type of declarative long term memory that is stable knowledge about the world, knowledge about language, principles, laws, and facts.

Answer 25

semantic memory

Question 26

a type of declarative long term memory that consists of personal memories of events that have happened to the individual. specific memories tied to a time and place

Answer 26

episodic memory

Question 27

vivid recollections of striking, important, or emotional events that are often remembered for longer periods. can be inaccurate; tend to incorporate later experiences into memory

Answer 27

flashbulb memories

Question 28

memories that cannot readily be recalled and put into words; remembering that occurs in the absence of conscious awareness

Answer 28

implicit memory

Question 29

types of implicit memory

Answer 29

skills-motor and cognitive, and dispositions (classical and operant conditioning effects)

Question 30

types of explicit (declarative) memory

Answer 30

facts (semantic) and personally experienced (episodic)

Question 31

a component of working memory that governs the processing of visual information

Answer 31

the visual-spatial sketchpad

Question 32

a component of working memory that governs the processing of auditory information

Answer 32

the phonological loop

Question 33

the 3 components of working memory

Answer 33

the slave systems (the phonological loop, the visual-spatial sketchpad), and the central executive

Question 34

a component of working memory that serves as a buffer between short and long term memory and between the 2 slave systems.

Answer 34

episodic buffer

Question 35

theory that previous learning might somehow interfere with short term memory.

Answer 35

interference theory

Question 36

a procedure that requires an individual to perform 2 tasks simultaneously; when scored lower than when done separately, it’s assumed that they both compete for the same class of information in the brain; the brain picks what’s important

Answer 36

dual-task paradigm