Chapter 10-Motivation

Question 1

a conscious or unconscious force that incites a person to act or not to act

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

rational explanations for behavior

Answer 2

reasons

Question 3

components of biological motivation

Answer 3

reflexes, instincts, imprinting, and physiological drives

Question 4

a general tendency to respond to new stimulation by becoming more alert. normally consists of a shift in gaze, a head turn and eye movement

Answer 4

orienting reflex

Question 5

simple, unlearned, inherited behaviors. more complex and common to an entire species.

Answer 5

instinct

Question 6

an instinctual, unlearned behavior that is specific to a species and does not appear until the animal has been exposed to the appropriate stimulus

Answer 6

imprinting

Question 7

the period in which a stimulus that causes imprinting is supposed to be exposed

Answer 7

critical period

Question 8

the stimulus that is exposed to an animal to cause imprinting

Answer 8

releaser

Question 9

human physiological drives

Answer 9

thirst, hunger, and sex

Question 10

a tendency to behave that is brought out by an unsatisfied need

Answer 10

drive

Question 11

the value of a goal/reward

Answer 11

incentive

Question 12

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 12

needs are prioritized; physiological needs come first, unfilled needs lead to action
BASIC NEEDS:
1) have to have food, water. etc.
2) safety and security needs
3) love and belongingness
4) self-esteem, approval, recognition
METANEEDS:
5) cognitive, knowledge
6) aesthetic, goodness, beauty, truth
7) self-actualization

Question 13

the process as becoming oneself, of making one’s potential reality. not a state, but an ongoing process

Answer 13

self-actualization

Question 14

all about attention; 3 things affect how much effort a person is willing to make: internal states, potential outcomes, and the individual’s estimate of the probability that a certain behavior will lead to a desired outcome

Answer 14

Arousal Theory

Question 15

working memory tends to decrease with increasing arousal; there is an optimal level of arousal for the most effective behavior

Answer 15

The Yerkes-Dodsen Law

Question 16

actions and thinking are linked; conflict between beliefs, behavior, and expectations lead to motivation to erase this conflict

Answer 16

cognitive dissonance

Question 17

ways to reduce cognitive dissonance

Answer 17

1) attitude change
2) compartmentalization
3) exposure to new information
4) behavioral change
5) perceptual distortion

Question 18

external factors exert pulling effects on actions

Answer 18

external motivation

Question 19

an internal drive; a self motivated drive; increase motivating effect of an incentive, such as reward. can be reduced by external rewards

Answer 19

internal motivation

Question 20

external motivation trumps internal

Answer 20

true

Question 21

the theory that people need to be self-determining, to feel that they are in control of their own actions.

Answer 21

self-determination theory

Question 22

the theory that people ascribe their successes/failures to to internal and external failures

Answer 22

attribution theory

Question 23

to believe that intelligence is fixed and cannot be changed

Answer 23

entity theory of intelligence

Question 24

to believe that intelligence is malleable and can be changed

Answer 24

incremental theory of intelligence

Question 25

one's estimate of personal effectiveness; their estimate of their own ability and capability. determines what challenges a person will take on and how hard they will try.

Answer 25

self-efficacy

Question 26

a motivational theory that describes some of the variables that are considered in the mental calculus that leads to choice among options

Answer 26

expectancy-value theory

Question 27

the degree of alertness of an organism.

Answer 27

arousal