Chapter 9 - Leadership Flashcards
What is leadership ?
The influence one exert on the goal achievement of others in an organizational environment.
When did trait theories start to be studied ?
1900s
What are traits ?
Individual characteristics : physical characteristics, intellectual ability, personality.
What are some traits linked to leadership ?
- Emotional Intelligence
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Openness to experience
Give 3 limitations of the Trait Approach.
- Does traits form leaders or is it the opportunity for leadership that creates the trait ?
- How do leaders actually do to move groups ?
- The situation is often overlooked.
What is emergent leadership ?
Behaviours in which certain group members exhibit that cause them to be leaders.
Give two types of emergent leaders
Task leader and Social-emotional leader
Give four “crucial beaviours” leaders engage in.
- Consideration
- Initiating Structure
- Leader Reward
- Punishment Behaviours
Describe consideration
The extent to which the leader is approachable and shows personal concern for employees.
Describe initiating structure
The extent to which the leader focuses on group goal achievement.
What is the difference in impact between consideration and initiating structure ?
Consideration : follower satisfaction, motivation, leader effectniveness
IS : job and group performance
What determines using consideration or initiating structure ?
Characteristics of the task, the employee, and the setting in which the work is performed.
What is contingent leader reward/punishement behaviour related to ? (3 levels)
- employees’ perception
- employees’ attitudes
- employees’ behaviour
What does an organizational setting include ? (3 things)
- characteristics of the employees
- nature of the task
- characteristics of the organization
Describe Fiedler’s Leadership Orientation in his Contingency Theory.
He measured leadership orientation by having leaders describe their Least Preferred Co-worker. This LPC scores reflects the leader’s motivational structure : high = relationship oriented; low = task oriented.
Describe Situational Favourableness in the Contigency Theory.
Leader-member relations, task structure, and position power influence SF.
Describe the Contigency Model.
Low LPC (task orientation) : very favourable/unfavourable High LPC (relationship orientation) : medium favourability
What is House’s Path Goal Theory ?
- Effective leaders form a connection between employee goals and the organization’s role
- Leader’s behaviour must be perceived as immediatly/leading to a future satisfaction to provide leader acceptance and job satisfaction
Give the 4 behaviours of the Path-Goal Theory.
- Participative
- Directive
- Achievement-oriented
- Supportive
Describe a Directive leader
Schedule work, maintain performance sandards, let employees know what is expected of them. Best when tasks are complex/inexperience.
Describe a Supportive leader
Friendly, approachable, good with interpersonal relationships. Best when tasks are repetitive/stressful.
Describe a Particiative leader
Consult with employees about work-related matters and consider their opinion. Best when complex task and experienced team members.
Describe an Achievement-oriented leader
Encourage employees to strive for a high level of goal accomplishement. Best when team members are unmotivated or unchallenged in their work.
Describe the employee characteristic Situational Factor (Path-Goal Theory)
Different type of employees need or prefer different forms of leaderships.
Describe the environment Situational Factor (Path-Goal Theory)
Each task requires a different approach. Effective leaders should take advantage of the motivating/satisfying aspects of jobs while compensationg demotivating job aspects.
What is participative leadership ?
Involves individual employees or the entire group of employees reporting to the leader about work-related issues.
Advantages of Participative leadership ? (3)
- Motivation : increase
- Quality : decisions/direct action to solve problems
- Acceptance : decisions
Problems with Participative leadership ? (3)
- Time&Energy
- Loss of Power
- Lack of Reciptivity/Knowledge
Three types of leader in the Situational Model of Participation
- Autocratic
- Collaborative
- Consultative
Autocratic leader
You make the decision and inform others about it.
Consultative leader
You gather info from the team and others and make the decision.
Collaborative leader
You and your team work together to reach a consensus.
When does Participation work best ?
- Employees feel favourably towards it
- Employees are knowledgeable on the issue
- Task is complex enough to make it useful
What is Transactional leadership ?
- Based on straightforward exchange between leader/followers
- Involves contingent reward behaviour and management by exception
What is Transformational leadership ? List 4 qualities.
- Focuses on motivating and engaging followers with a vision of the future
- 4 qualities : Intellectual Stimulation, Individualized Consideratio, Inspirational Motivation, Charisma
Describe Intellectual Stimulation.
People are stimulated to think about problems and strategies in new ways.
Describe Individualized Consideration.
Treating people as distinct individuals, showing concern for their personal development, and serving as a mentor.
Describe Inspirational Motivation.
Communication of visions that are appealing/inspiring to followers, stimulates enthusiasm, challenges followers with high standards, and provides meaning for the task at hand.
Describe Charisma.
Emotional aspect of the leadership, personnal qualities that gives the ability to exert influence over others.
