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Science of Psychology > Chapter 9: Language & Thought > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Language & Thought Flashcards

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0
Q

Define: Grammar

A

A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages

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1
Q

Define: Language

A

A system for communication with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning

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2
Q

Define: Phoneme

A

The smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise (th-e-b-o-i)

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3
Q

Define: Phonological Rules

A

A set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

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4
Q

Define: Morphemes

A

The smallest meaningful units of language (the-boy)

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5
Q

Define: Morphological Rules

A

A set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

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6
Q

Define: Syntactical Rules

A

A set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences

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7
Q

Define: Deep Structure

A

The meaning of a sentence, deep reading

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8
Q

Define: Surface Structure

A

How a sentence is worded

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9
Q

Defined: Fast Mapping

A

The fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

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10
Q

Define: Telegraphic Speech

A

Speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consist mostly of content

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11
Q

Define: Nativist Theory

A

Argued by Noam Chomsky: Language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity.

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12
Q

Define: Language acquisition device

A

(LAD) A collection of processes that facilitate language learning

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13
Q

Define: Genetic Dysphasia

A

A syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence

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14
Q

Define: Aphasia

A

Difficulty in producing or comprehending language

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15
Q

Define: Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

A

The proposal that language shapes the nature of thought

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16
Q

Define: Concept

A

A mental representation that group or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli

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17
Q

Define: Family Resemblance Theory

A

Members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category member but may not be possessed by every member - so to use the example of a bird, anything that has feathers and wings is categorized as a bird.

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18
Q

Define: Prototype Theory

A

The “best” or “most typical” member of a category

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19
Q

Define: Exemplar Theory

A

A theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgements by comparing

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20
Q

Define: Category-Specific Deficit

A

A neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category, although the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undistrubed

21
Q

Define: Ration Choice Theory

A

The classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two

22
Q

Define: Availability Bias

A

Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently

23
Q

Define: Heuristics

A

A fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached

24
Q

Define: Algorithm

A

A well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem

25
Q

Define: Conjunction Fallacy

A

When people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event

26
Q

Define: Representativeness Heuistic

A

A mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event.

27
Q

Define: Framing Effects

A

When people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed)

28
Q

Define: Sunk-Cost Fallacy

A

A framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

29
Q

Define: Prospect Theory

A

People choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

30
Q

Define: Frequency Format Hypothesis

A

The proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur

31
Q

Define: Means-Ends Analysis

A

A process of searching for the meaning or steps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal.

32
Q

Define: Analogical Problem Solving

A

Solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem

33
Q

Define: Reasoning

A

A mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps in order to reach conclusions

34
Q

Define: Practical Reasoning

A

Figuring out what to do, or reasoning directed toward action

35
Q

Define: Theoretical Reasoning

A

Reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief

36
Q

Define: Belief Bias

A

People’s judgements about whether to accept conclusions depending more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguemts are logically valid

37
Q

Define: Syllogistic Reasoning

A

Determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true

ex.
1. Some cats are blue
2. Randy is cat
Conclusion: Somethings that are not cats are blue

38
Q

The combining of words to form phrases and sentences is governed by..

A

Syntactical rules

39
Q

Language development as an innate, biological capacity is explained by…

A

Nativist theory

40
Q

A collection of processes that facilitate language learning is referred to as…

A

A language acquisition device (LAD)

41
Q

Damage to the brain region called Broca’s area results in…

A

Difficultly in producing grammatical speech

42
Q

The linguistic relativity hypothesis maintains that…

A

Language shapes the nature of thought

43
Q

The most typical member of a category is…

A

a prototype

44
Q

Which theory of how we form concepts is based on our judgement of features that appear to be characteristic of category member but may not be possessed by every member?

A

Family Resemblance Theory

45
Q

The inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category, although the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed is call…

A

Category-specific Deficit

46
Q

Making use of which of the following would most likely lead a solution to a problem?

A

An algorithm

47
Q

People give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased because of…

A

Framing effects

48
Q

The view that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains describes…

A

Prospect Theory

49
Q

People with damage to the prefrontal cortex are prone to…

A

Risky decision making

50
Q

Miranda decides on a goal, analyzes her current situation, lists the differences between her current situation and her goal, then settles on strategies to reduce those differences. Miranda is engaging in…

A

Means-Ends Analysis

Science of Psychology (3 decks)

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