Chapter 7: Learning

Question 0

Define: Habituation

Answer 0

A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding

Question 1

Define: Learning

Answer 1

The acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

Question 2

Define: Sensitization

Answer 2

A simple form of learning that occurs when presentation exposure to a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus

Question 3

Define: Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

A type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produes a response

Question 4

Define: Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 4

Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism, i.e. a bowl of food

Question 5

Define: Unconditioned Response

Answer 5

A reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus, i.e. salivating

Question 6

Define: Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 6

A previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Define: Acquisition

Answer 7

The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are present together, i.e. - food + bell

Question 8

Define: Second-order conditioning

Answer 8

Conditioning where a CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure

Question 9

Define: Exctinction

Answer 9

The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the CS. The term is used to represent a conditioned response that is no longer observed.

Question 10

Define: Spontanesous Recovery

Answer 10

The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period.

Question 11

Define: Generalization

Answer 11

The CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition

Question 12

Define: Discrimination

Answer 12

The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

Question 13

Define: fixed-interval schedule (F1)

Answer 13

Reinforcers are presented at fixed-time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made

Question 14

Define: Variable-interval schedule

Answer 14

An operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforces based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

Question 15

Define: fixed-ration schedule

Answer 15

An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made.

Question 16

Define: variable ratio schedule

Answer 16

(VR) An operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses.

Question 17

Define: Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 17

An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

Question 18

Define: Intermittent Reinforcement Effect

Answer 18

The fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement

Question 19

Define: Shaping

Answer 19

Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior

Question 20

Define: Latent Learning

Answer 20

Something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavior change until sometime in the future.

Question 21

Define: Cognitive Map

Answer 21

A mental representation of the physical features of the environment

Question 22

Define: Observational Learning

Answer 22

A condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others

Question 23

Define: Diffusion Chain

Answer 23

A process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior.

Question 24

Define: Implicit Learning

Answer 24

Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both process and the products of information acquisition

Question 25

In classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce:

Answer 25

A conditioned response

Question 26

What occurs when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 26

Extinction

Question 27

What did Watson and Rayner seek to demonstrate about behaviorism through Little Albert experiment?

Answer 27

Even sophisticated behaviors such as emotion are subject to classical conditioning

Question 28

Which part of the brain is involved in classical conditioning of fer?

Answer 28

The amygdala

Question 29

After having a bad experience with a particular type of food, people can develop a lifelong aversion to the food. This suggesst that conditioning has an ____ aspect.

Answer 29

Evolutionary

Question 30

Latent learning provides evidence for a cognitive element in operant conditioning because…

Answer 30

It occurs without any obvious reinforcement.

Question 31

Activity of neurons in the ___ contributes to the process of reinforcement.

Answer 31

Medial forebrain bundle

Question 32

Neural research indicated that observational learning is closely tied to brain areas that are involved in …

Answer 32

Action

Question 33

What kind of learning takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process an the products of information aquisition?

Answer 33

Implicit learning

Question 34

The process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding is called…

Answer 34

Habituation

Question 35

Responding to implicit instructions results in decreased brain activation in which part of the brain…

Answer 35

the occipital lobe

Question 36

Which study strategy has been shown to be the most effective?

Answer 36

Taking practice tests