Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards
Define: Habituation
A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
Define: Learning
The acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
Define: Sensitization
A simple form of learning that occurs when presentation exposure to a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus
Define: Classical Conditioning
A type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produes a response
Define: Unconditioned Stimulus
Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism, i.e. a bowl of food
Define: Unconditioned Response
A reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus, i.e. salivating
Define: Conditioned Stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Define: Acquisition
The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are present together, i.e. - food + bell
Define: Second-order conditioning
Conditioning where a CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure
Define: Exctinction
The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the CS. The term is used to represent a conditioned response that is no longer observed.
Define: Spontanesous Recovery
The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period.
Define: Generalization
The CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition
Define: Discrimination
The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
Define: fixed-interval schedule (F1)
Reinforcers are presented at fixed-time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made
Define: Variable-interval schedule
An operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforces based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement
Define: fixed-ration schedule
An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made.
Define: variable ratio schedule
(VR) An operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses.
Define: Intermittent Reinforcement
An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
Define: Intermittent Reinforcement Effect
The fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement
Define: Shaping
Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior
Define: Latent Learning
Something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavior change until sometime in the future.
Define: Cognitive Map
A mental representation of the physical features of the environment
Define: Observational Learning
A condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others
Define: Diffusion Chain
A process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior.
Define: Implicit Learning
Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both process and the products of information acquisition
In classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce:
A conditioned response
What occurs when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
What did Watson and Rayner seek to demonstrate about behaviorism through Little Albert experiment?
Even sophisticated behaviors such as emotion are subject to classical conditioning
Which part of the brain is involved in classical conditioning of fer?
The amygdala
After having a bad experience with a particular type of food, people can develop a lifelong aversion to the food. This suggesst that conditioning has an ____ aspect.
Evolutionary
Latent learning provides evidence for a cognitive element in operant conditioning because…
It occurs without any obvious reinforcement.
Activity of neurons in the ___ contributes to the process of reinforcement.
Medial forebrain bundle
Neural research indicated that observational learning is closely tied to brain areas that are involved in …
Action
What kind of learning takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process an the products of information aquisition?
Implicit learning
The process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding is called…
Habituation
Responding to implicit instructions results in decreased brain activation in which part of the brain…
the occipital lobe
Which study strategy has been shown to be the most effective?
Taking practice tests
