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Biology 156: Final Lecture Exam > Chapter 9 Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Joints Flashcards

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1
Q

Joint (articulation)

A

Where two bones meet.

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2
Q

Arthrology

A

Study of joint structure, function, disfunction

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3
Q

Kinesiology

A

Study of musculoskeletal system.

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4
Q

4 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF JOINTS

A

Bony, Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

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5
Q

BONY JOINT (Synostosis)

A

Immobile joint when two bones ossify and become one.
Can form by ossification of cartilaginous or fibrous joints.
eg. Occurs in infants- right and left frontal and mandible bones fused together.
eg. Childhood ilium, ischium, and pubis form into hip bone.

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6
Q

FIBROUS (synarthrosis)

A 
Bones bound together by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross over to another, and emerge into another bone.
3 types: 
sutures (eg. skull)
gomphoses (tooth in socket)
syndesmoses (radius and ulnar)
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7
Q

Fibrous: Sutures (SKULL)

A

Immobile or slightly mobile joints of skull.
3 types:
Serrate: wavy lines that interlock with eachother and connect like a jigsaw puzzle.
eg. coronal, sagittal, lamboid sutures bordered parietal skull.
Lap (squamous) sutures: overlapping edges.
eg. temporal bone meeting parietal.
Plane (butt) sutures: straight nonoverlapping edges.
eg. mandible suture at roof of mouth.

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8
Q

Fibrous: Gomphoses (tooth into socket)

A

Attachment of tooth to socket by fibrous periodontal ligament which allows stress of chewing.

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9
Q

Fibrous: Syndesmoses

A

When two bones are connected by long collagen fibers. Allows more movement than sutures or gomphoses.
eg. between radius and ulna, allowing pronation and supination.

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10
Q

CARTILAGINOUS (aka amphiarthrosis)

A

Two bones linked by cartilage.

2 types: synchondroses and symphyses

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11
Q

Cartilaginous: Synchondroses

A

Bones bound to hyaline cartilage.
eg. child’s temporary joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bone.
First rib to sternum by hyaline cartilage.

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12
Q

Cartilaginous: Symphysis

A

Bones linked by fibrocartilage.

Example: right and left side of pubus joined by hyaline cart. joint

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13
Q

SYNOVIAL JOINTS (Diarthrosis)

A

Most likely for pain dysfunction.
Anatomy: two bones covered in articular cartilage with a narrow space in the middle called articular cavity, filled with synovial fluid.
Synovial Fluid nourishes cartilage, makes friction free, lubricates.
Joint Articulate Capsule holds fluid in with two membranes: fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane (removes waste, secretes macrophages.

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14
Q

SYNOVIAL JOINTS (Diarthrosis)

A

Most likely for pain dysfunction.
Anatomy: two bones covered in articular cartilage with a narrow space in the middle called articular cavity, filled with synovial fluid.
Synovial Fluid nourishes cartilage, makes friction free, lubricates.
Joint Articulate Capsule holds fluid in with two membranes: fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane (removes waste, secretes macrophages.

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15
Q

Articular Disk

A

Pad in between two bones with articular cartilage: jaw, clavicle, carpal and ulna

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16
Q

Meniscus

A

Cartilage in knee extends inward, cushioning. Crescent moon shaped.

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17
Q

Tendon

A

Strip of tough collagenous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone. Stabilizes joints.

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18
Q

Ligament

A

Tough collagenous connective tissue connecting bone to bone.

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19
Q

Bursa

A

A fibrous sac of synovial fluid.
Between muscles, tendons over bone, or bone and skin.
Cushion muscles and help tendons slide easier.

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20
Q

Tendon Sheaths

A

Elongated bursae surrounding tendons in hands and feet, allowing them to slide easier.

21
Q

Range of Motion:

A 
Joint Flexibility:
Monitored by:
Structure of articular surface
Strength and tautness of ligament
Action of tendons and muscles
22
Q

Axis of Rotation:

A

Shoulder or hip= multiaxial joint, or all 3 ways.

23
Q

6 CLASSES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:

A
  1. Ball and Socket
  2. Condylar
  3. Saddle
  4. Plane
  5. Hinge
  6. Pivot
24
Q

Synovial Class: Ball and Socket

A

Only Multiaxial joints in body, all 3 degrees of freedom, Shoulder and Hip

25
Q

Synovial Class: Condylar (ELLIPSOID)

A

Biaxial Joints, fingers, oval shaped protrusion to oval shaped depression

26
Q

Synovial Joint: Saddle

A

Like two saddles fit together. Biaxial. Between carpal bones, thumb and wrist, sternoclavicular

27
Q

Synovial Joints: Plane

A

Bones are flat or only slightly concave or convex, bones slide over eachother with limited movement. Usually biaxial.
Examples: Carpal bones, Tarsal bones, articular process of vertibrae.

28
Q

Synovial Class: Hinge

A

Monoaxial. Like a door, moving freely one way but not the other.
Examples: Finger’s, toes, elbow, knee.

29
Q

Synovial Class: Pivot

A

Monoaxial, like the axal of a bicycle wheel.

Ex: First and second vertebrae allowed head to turn, and joint of elbow.

30
Q

Flexion

A

Movement that decreases joint angle.

31
Q

Extension:

A

Straightens a joint and ususally returns back to zero position.

32
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the frontline of the body

33
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards midline of body, return to anatomical postition.

34
Q

Elevation and Depression

A

Elevation raises body part vertically.

Depression brings back down.

35
Q

Protraction Vs Retraction

A

Protraction: opening a door
Retraction: Standing military stance

36
Q

Circumduction

A

When one end of the appendage moves, and the other end stays still.

37
Q

Supination Vs Pronation

A

Supination: palm face up
Pronation: palm face down

38
Q

TMJ: Temporomandibular Joint Disorder

A

Inflamed temporomandibular joint
Clicking of jaw, headaches, pain radiating from jaw down
Cause: misalignment of teeth and psychological tension
Treatment: PT

39
Q

Sprain

A

Stretch or torn ligament, no dislocation

40
Q

Strain

A

Torn muscle

41
Q

Dislocation

A

displacement of bone and joint

42
Q

Subluxation

A

Incomplete dislocation

43
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflamed Bursa

44
Q

Bunion

A

Type of bursitis and ossification of toe

45
Q

Adhesions

A

Extra Fibrous Bands

46
Q

Spurs:

A

Extra bone tissue along joints

47
Q

Arthritis

A

Osteoarthritis: result of years of joint wear and bone spurs develop
Rheumatoid: Autoimmune attack against joint tissue
Ankylosis: solid fusion of joints
Arthroplasty: replace joint with artificial device

48
Q

GOUT

A

To much uric acid in blood, salts accumulate, very painful.

Biology 156: Final Lecture Exam (3 decks)

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