Chapter 9 Joints Flashcards
Joint (articulation)
Where two bones meet.
Arthrology
Study of joint structure, function, disfunction
Kinesiology
Study of musculoskeletal system.
4 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF JOINTS
Bony, Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
BONY JOINT (Synostosis)
Immobile joint when two bones ossify and become one.
Can form by ossification of cartilaginous or fibrous joints.
eg. Occurs in infants- right and left frontal and mandible bones fused together.
eg. Childhood ilium, ischium, and pubis form into hip bone.
FIBROUS (synarthrosis)
Bones bound together by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross over to another, and emerge into another bone. 3 types: sutures (eg. skull) gomphoses (tooth in socket) syndesmoses (radius and ulnar)
Fibrous: Sutures (SKULL)
Immobile or slightly mobile joints of skull.
3 types:
Serrate: wavy lines that interlock with eachother and connect like a jigsaw puzzle.
eg. coronal, sagittal, lamboid sutures bordered parietal skull.
Lap (squamous) sutures: overlapping edges.
eg. temporal bone meeting parietal.
Plane (butt) sutures: straight nonoverlapping edges.
eg. mandible suture at roof of mouth.
Fibrous: Gomphoses (tooth into socket)
Attachment of tooth to socket by fibrous periodontal ligament which allows stress of chewing.
Fibrous: Syndesmoses
When two bones are connected by long collagen fibers. Allows more movement than sutures or gomphoses.
eg. between radius and ulna, allowing pronation and supination.
CARTILAGINOUS (aka amphiarthrosis)
Two bones linked by cartilage.
2 types: synchondroses and symphyses
Cartilaginous: Synchondroses
Bones bound to hyaline cartilage.
eg. child’s temporary joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bone.
First rib to sternum by hyaline cartilage.
Cartilaginous: Symphysis
Bones linked by fibrocartilage.
Example: right and left side of pubus joined by hyaline cart. joint
SYNOVIAL JOINTS (Diarthrosis)
Most likely for pain dysfunction.
Anatomy: two bones covered in articular cartilage with a narrow space in the middle called articular cavity, filled with synovial fluid.
Synovial Fluid nourishes cartilage, makes friction free, lubricates.
Joint Articulate Capsule holds fluid in with two membranes: fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane (removes waste, secretes macrophages.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS (Diarthrosis)
Most likely for pain dysfunction.
Anatomy: two bones covered in articular cartilage with a narrow space in the middle called articular cavity, filled with synovial fluid.
Synovial Fluid nourishes cartilage, makes friction free, lubricates.
Joint Articulate Capsule holds fluid in with two membranes: fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane (removes waste, secretes macrophages.
Articular Disk
Pad in between two bones with articular cartilage: jaw, clavicle, carpal and ulna
Meniscus
Cartilage in knee extends inward, cushioning. Crescent moon shaped.
Tendon
Strip of tough collagenous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone. Stabilizes joints.
Ligament
Tough collagenous connective tissue connecting bone to bone.
Bursa
A fibrous sac of synovial fluid.
Between muscles, tendons over bone, or bone and skin.
Cushion muscles and help tendons slide easier.
Tendon Sheaths
Elongated bursae surrounding tendons in hands and feet, allowing them to slide easier.
Range of Motion:
Joint Flexibility: Monitored by: Structure of articular surface Strength and tautness of ligament Action of tendons and muscles
Axis of Rotation:
Shoulder or hip= multiaxial joint, or all 3 ways.
6 CLASSES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
- Ball and Socket
- Condylar
- Saddle
- Plane
- Hinge
- Pivot
Synovial Class: Ball and Socket
Only Multiaxial joints in body, all 3 degrees of freedom, Shoulder and Hip
