Chapter 9: Intelligence and IQ Testing Flashcards
Child prodigy
an individual who displays astounding intellectual achievements at an early age
what was Chris Langans IQ
195
what is intelligence according to boring
intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure
what radical hypothesis did Galton propose?
intelligence is a byproduct of sensory capacity
- most knowledge first comes through the senses, therefore people with superior sensory capacities (like eyesight), should aquire more knowledge than other people
what did Cattell believe
intelligence was a matter of raw sensory input
what falsifies Galtons Claim
helen keller
who developed the first intelligence test?
Binet and Simon
intelligence test
a diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability
what similarities did ninet and Simons items have
higher mental processes
higher order processes include
reasoning, understanding, and judgement
most experts agree that intelligence has something to do with ________
abstract thinking
abstract thinking
the capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
In 1921 a panel of 14 expects agreed that intelligence consists of what four things?
- reason abstractly
- learn to adapt to novel environmental circumstances
- acquire knowledge
- benefit from experience
how do western nations view intelligence
- the capacity to reason well and quickly
- amass large amounts of knowledge in breif periods of time
how do some non western countries view intelligence
reflecting peoples wisdom and judgement more than their intellegtual brillance
what was the postive correlation between Binet and Simons items
people who got one item correct were more likely than chance to get others correct
(were fairly low 0.2-0.3)
What was Charles SPearmens hypothesis
the existence of a single shared factor (general intelligence) accounted for the overall differnece in intellect amoungst people
general intelligence
hypothetical factor that accounts for the overall difference in intellect amongst people
what did spearman think accounted for individual differences in intellect
mental energy
g=
general intelligence
Stephen Jay Gould argued that intelligence is
merely a statistical artifact; he proposed the existence of factor s
who wrote the influential book, the mismeasure of man
Stephen Gould (19810
factor s =
specific abilities
specific abilities
particular ability level in a narrow domain
what did Louis Thurstone discover in 1938
some intelligence test items relate more highly to each other than other items do : theses items form clumps of related abilities corresponding to different intellectual capacities
who discovered fluid intelligence?
John Horn
fluid intelligence
the capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
crystallized intelligence
accumulated knowledge of the worlds that we acquire over time
which type of intelligence is more likely to decline with age
fluid intelligence is more likely to decline with age than crystalized intelligence
which intelligence is more highly related to g
fluid
fluid intelligence may be related to
“mental engine” which spearmen refereed to
crystalized intelligence is mildly associate with
personality trait referred to openness to experience
characteristics of individuals with high openess to experience
imaginative, intellectually curious, excited about exploring new ideas and things
multiple intelligences
idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill
what is Gardners theory
- there are numerous “frames of mind” or different ways of thinking about the world
- researchers must demonstrate that different intelligences can be isolated from one another in studies of people with brain damage
- argues intelligence should be especially pronounced in people with exceptional talents
what does gardner beleive about autistic savants
provide support for the existence of multiple intelligence.
- they have remarkable abilities in one or two domains
What does Gardner suggest regarding intelligence and evolution
differnt intelligences makes sense. They should help organsism survive or make it easier for them to meet future mates
what is the 9th intelligence called
extistential intelligence
existential intelligence
the ability to grasp deep philosophical ideas, such as the meaning of life
linguistic intelligence
speak and write well
lofico-mathematical
use logic and mathematical skills to solve prob;lems such as scientific questions
spital intelligence
theink and reason about objects in 3 dimensional space
musical intelligence
preform, understand, and enjoy musci
body kinesthetic intelligence
manipulate the body in sports, dance, or other physical endeavours
interpersonal intelligence
understand and interact effectively with others
intrapersonal intelligence
understand and posses insight into self
naturalistic intelligence
recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things
who proposed the idea of 8 differnent intelligences
Gardner
what are the 8 differnet intelligences
lingustic
logico-mathematical
spital
musical
bodily kinestetic
interpersonal
intrapersonal
naturalistic
triachic model
model of intelligence possed by Robert Sternburg positioning 3 differnt types of intelligence: analytical (book smart), practical (street smart), and creative
analytical intelligence
the ability to reason logically
“book smart”
practical intelligence is also called
tacit intelligence
practical intelligence
the ability to solve real world problems, especially those involving other people
creative intelligence
out ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions
where does g loaded memory reside
prefrontal cortex
prefrontal cortex functions
planning, impulse control, and short term memory
what is the correlation between IQ and self esteem
0.2-0.3
double curse of incompetence
people with poor cognitive skills are especially likely to overstimate their intellectual abilities
what plays a role in intellectual overestimations
metacogntive skills
metacognitive skills
knowledge of our own knowledge
when was the standford Binet IQ test first published
1916
standford binet IQ test
intelligence test based on the measure developed by binet and simon, adpated by lewis Terman of standford university
which IQ test is used today?
revised 5th edition of the Standford-Binet IQ test
what tasks does the standford Binet IQ test consist of?
vocabulary, memory for pictures, naming of farmilar objects , repeating sentences and following commands
what was Termans great achievement
develop a set of norms (baseline)
who invented the intelligence quotient
Wilhelm Stern
intelligence quotient (IQ)
systemic means of quantifying differences amount people and their intelligences
how to calculate IQ
divide mental age by cronological age and multiply the resulting number by 100
mental age
average persons performance on an intelligence test
chronological age
age in years
flaw in Sterns intelligence test
once we hit the age of 16, our preformance on IQ tests dont increase much
deviation IQ
expression of a persons IQ to their same aged peers
- relied on by most researchers
when and who was the IQ test translated to english
Henry Goddard
1908
What percent of immigrants were believed to have an intellectual disability because they could barely speak english
40 percent
eugenics
movement during the 20th century to improve a populations genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce and discouraging those with bad genes to reproduce
encouraging people with good genetics to reproduce =
positive eugenics
discouraging people with bad genetics from reproducing =
negative eugenics
What 2 disturbing practices are eugenics associated with
- restrict immigration from other countries because theu believed they were of low intelligence
- sterilization of low IQ individuals
how many Canadians went under forceful sterilization
66,000
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
most widely used intelligence test for adults today
- consists of 15 subsets to asses different types of mental abilities
what were the 15 subsets in the WAIS designed to asses
information, comprehension, arithmetic, Similarities, Digit span, vocabulary, digit symbol, picture completion, block design, visual puzzles, figure weights
what are the 2 most common IQ tests for children
1) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
2) Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of intelligence
Culture fair IQ tests
abstract reasoning measure that does not depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests
what is the best known culture fair test
Ravens progressive Matrices
are IQ scores fixed
no
- can go up as much as 10 points or more in a matter of months
reliability
the consistency of a measurement
test-retest reliability
the extent to which scores on a measure administered several times are roughly identical
do IQ score prior to age 2-3 correlate to adult IQ
no, not at all
Habituation
tendency to stop responding to repeated presentations of the same stimuluss
what is a measure of infant intelligence that is more promising
speed of habititation
Validity
the extent to which a test measures what it purports to measure
Do IQ scores predict academic success in highschool and university
yes they correlate about 0.5
Within a population, IQ scores are distributed in a _________
bell curve
bell curve
distribution of scores in which the bulk of the scores fall towards the middle
about 90 percent of people have an IQ between
70-130
assortative matching
the tendency of individuals with similar genes to have children
why are IQ score typically on a bell curve
because of assortive matching
intellectual disability criteria
a) onset prior to adulthood
b) IQ below aprroximetly 70
c) inadequate adaptive functioning (difficultly feeding self, dressing self, communicating with others, and other basic life skills)
what percent of individuals in north America fulfill the criteria for intellectual disability
1%
mild forms of intellecual disabilities are typically due to
genetic and environmental influences
Servere forms of intellecual disabilities are often a result of
rare genetic mutations or accidents during birth
how many different causes are there of intellectual disabilities
200
What are the most common genetic associations with intellectual disability
fragile X syndrome
Down syndrome (chromosome 21)
if you qualify in the top 2% of IQ what organization do you qualify for
mensa
emotional reasoning effect
tendency to judge the validity of an idea by our emotional reactions to it
